I could not find an image of Bruce but here is a cdv of Sgt. Robert Cantrell of Co. B, 143rd New York Infantry (Ancestry.com)
The following letter was written by Bruce Elmore (1835-1876), the son of Alexander and Mary (Divine) Elmore of Fallsburg, Sullivan county, New York. He wrote the letter to his wife, Ann Elizabeth (Hill) Elmore, in July 1864 while serving as a sergeant in Co. C, 143rd New York Infantry. He enlisted in August 1862 and mustered out on 20 July 1865. Auburn University Digital Library has Bruce’s Civil War Diary on-line. The “Willard” he mentions in his letter was his younger brother, born in 1838.
The 143rd New York had a distinguished service record, particularly while participating in the 20th Army Corps under General William Sherman They saw action in major battles and campaigns from Chattanooga to Raleigh, including the Atlanta Campaign. The regiment also suffered significant casualties, with heavy losses at Kennesaw Mountain and Peachtree Creek.
T R A N S C R I P T I O N
Addressed to Mrs. Bruce Elmore, Fallsburg, Sullivan county, New York
Camp 143 Regt. N. Y. V. near Peach Creek, Ga. July 21st 1864
My Own Dear Libbie,
Your welcome letter of July 10th was received yesterday and read with pleasure. I always feel thankful when I receive a letter from you and read that you are well.
We had a pretty warm time here yesterday. A pretty severe battle was fought here. [See Battle of Peach Tree Creek] Our loss is quite heavy. I think the Rebels also lost heavy. They charged us and tried to drive us back but failed. Some of their dead and wounded fell into our hands.
We marched from the camp where I last wrote July 17th and crossed the River Chattahoochie since which time the army has been getting its position. We are now about 4 miles from Atlanta, although some of our line is closer, being within two miles.
Our regiment lost forty-five killed and wounded—7 or 8 killed, 2 of our own company were wounded—Gilbert B. Lawrence severely. The doctor says he thinks he may get well. I hope he may and Sergt. McKendree N. Dodge (of Rockland) quite severely wounded, though not dangerously—a flesh wound in the leg. Lieut. Wm. M. Ratcliff, Adjutant, is also killed and Lieut. Waterbury of our regiment also killed. I am well, have not received a scratch, and I feel to fervently thank my Heavenly Father for mercifully sparing me amid peril and danger so imminent.
[My brother] Willard is to the field hospital. He is not well enough to be on the march. W. H. Newman has returned to the company. Also James W. Stewart.
You say you think J. V. B. Reynolds would like to buy the farm and would give 1200. I think I would sell for that if I could get no more. Maybe he would give more. Get all you can. It almost ought to fetch more according to the price of other things, but if this war settles, everything falls again, and then I think land will be as low as ever again. As to the money, I think probably we would not want to pay it near all. Would probably as leave let you have some mortgage that is perfectly safe, and it would draw interest. I would not sell any of the crops but keep them all. If you would sell before they are gathered but you must use your own judgment. Can inquire of father but do it slyly—that is, don’t let Jim know you’re anxious.
I will write more particular when I have time if I am spared. If not you know what you can do best. Good bye. God bless us all and spare us to meet again. As ever your affectionate husband, — B. Elmore
All well at half past 12. Have heard a little cannonading. Hard to tell whether there will be any hard fighting in any part of the line today or not. Lieut. Waterbury is not yet dead.
The following letters were written by Joseph Litchfield Locke (1841-1899) of Co. I, 33rd Massachusetts Infantry. Joseph was the son of Rev. William Sherburne Locke (1808-1896) and Caroline Dame Tibbets (1809-1893).
Lt. Joseph Litchfield Locke, 33rd Massachusetts Infantry (R. J. Ferry Collection)
According to his obituary, appearing in The Inter Ocean of 17 July 1899, Joseph was born in Canada in 1843 and came to Chicago twenty-five years ago. He was a member of the firm J. L. Locke & Co., cap manufacturers, at No. 254 Monroe Street. During the war, Mr. Locke served as a lieutenant in the 33rd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, gaining his promotion from the ranks by gallantry on the field. He was a charter member of the Menoken club. A widow, two brothers, and two sisters survive him. His brothers are Judge James [William] Locke of Jacksonville, Florida, who has been on the U. S. Supreme Court bench for many years, and Eugene O[lin] Locke, clerk of the United States Supreme court [should be the US District Court of the Southern District of Florida] in the same city.”
Joseph’s military record informs us that he mustered in to the regiment as a corporal in early August 1862. He was promoted to sergeant in early March 1863, and commissioned a lieutenant in September 1864. He mustered out of the regiment on 11 June 1865 at Washington D. C.
[Note: These letters are from the private collection of R. J. Ferry and were transcribed and published on Spared & Shared by express consent.]
Log Houses occupied by the 154th New York near Stafford Court House. Sgt. Marcellus Warner Darling Memoirs. Locke’s description of the winter quarters occupied by the 33rd Massachusetts sound similar.
Camp near Stafford Court House, Va. February 20th 1862 [should be 1863]
Shoulder Straps Rank
This sheet of paper is rather dirty and soiled but soldier’s things will get so & it must go. We are in our new houses, there being 14 for the company and five in each house. Their dimensions are as follows: 12 feet long, 6 wide, walls 4 feet high. Facing the street the door and fire place occupy the whole end. Our bunks are crossing at the rear, the lower one 6 inches from the ground, upon which 3 lie, the upper one 2.5 feet above that. They are made of small poles laid across larger ones and covered with boughs. Our fireplace is built up of sticks laid up in Virginia mud and lined with ditto two or three inches thick which bakes as hard as a rock—a perfect brick in a short time.
There is one piece of good news to me and will probably interest you. My friend Jacob Aling has received an appointment to the Military Academy at West Point and received his discharge and gone home. I was sorry to have him leave but am glad for his part. He is a young man who will make his mark.
I received a letter yesterday from home saying you would get my box off before long. Yes, I have received my old stocking, a lot of postage stamps, the paper in a paper besides a number of other papers which are very agreeably received in this out of the world place. I haven’t much of anything new to write and have a number of other letters to write. I got Letta’s letter and was glad to hear from her and to see that she can write some if not in writing letters.
I write to Gene and give him a talking to when I get time. Why doesn’t he like Mr. Wheeler? I’m most afraid the fault is a good deal on his own part. Ask any questions about soldier’s life, military affairs, &c. that any of you would like to know & I’ll try to give you what information I am able on any subject.
[Shoulder straps sketch]
We were reviewed a few days ago by General Hooker, Sigel & a number of other Major Generals were present.
Letter 2
The 33rd Massachusetts Infantry, part of the XI Army Corps, arrived on the field at Gettysburg on the first day of battle. Most of the XI Corps was deployed north of Gettysburg in an attempt to hold the Rebel advance in check. However, two brigades of the Corps (von Steinwehr’s Division), which included the 33rd Massachusetts, were ordered to remain on Cemetery Hill as a reserve to support the Federal artillery being placed there. For details of their actions over the course of the battle, see 33rd Massachusetts Infantry at Gettysburg by Patrick Browne posted on Historical Disgression on 11 May 2013.
The 33rd Massachusetts Infantry monument is located at the intersection of Slocum and Wainwright Avenues near Steven’s Knoll. It was placed in 1885.
Battlefield of Gettysburg, Pa. July 3d 1863
Dear folks at home,
We are into it tough and tight. We arrived here the p.m. of the 1st. Part of our Corps was in. Our Brigade laid on a hill supporting a battery and were only shelled some. There were but two Corps in on the first against the whole number of rebs. Yesterday a.m. was mostly taken up getting positions. We shelled them some but could not draw any fire from them till about 3 p.m. when they opened on us and attacked us on the left with great force, but we held them there, held our position, and repulsed them with greater slaughter.
Just as the hardest fighting on the left, our extreme right held by the 12th Corp & our Brigade of the 11th was attacked by Ewell’s entire force, massed, and they seemed determined to force our position & turn our flank. Had they done it, it would have been all up with us but we held it handsomely & being reenforced by the 6th Corps about 6, kept our position & repulsed them & small [loss] to us as we were in good rifle pits. Our regiment has had quite a number killed and many wounded. ‘Tis uncertain how many.
I have remained with and helped the Surgeon of our regiment. We were (and are) in a stone barn a short [distance] to the rear of the regiment. Shell and shot are falling thick and fast around the barn [and] a number have struck it. 1
July 5th, 10 a.m. Since writing the last, I have been with the regiment & under some hot fire. Have probably had 50 men wounded & killed. I got a bullet through my haversack & blankets yesterday within an inch of my side. It put a hole through my tin plate & broke a “hard bread” (the boys think it must have gone swift to do that). We have whipped the rebs with great slaughter. They made [a] desperate attempt to break our lines but couldn’t do it. Our loss was light compared with them. We think they skedaddled last night. — Jose
These flowers I picked in the cemetery where some of our heaviest batteries were planted & which were used rough by them shells & which was charged by them and defended by our Corps in which was our regiment.
1 The XI Corps Hospital took over the George Spangler farm in the middle of the afternoon on 1 July 1863 and remained there through the next two days of fighting and for several days afterward. “The wounded soon began to pour in, giving us such sufficient occupation that from the 1st of July till the afternoon of the fifth, I was not absent from the hospital more than once and then but for an hour or two,” said 26-year-old Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, surgeon-in-chief, Second Division, XI Corps, U.S. Volunteers. “Very hard work it was, too, & little sleep fell to our share. Four operating tables were going night and day. Many of them were hurt in the most shocking manner by shells. My experience at Chancellorsville was nothing compared to this & and I never wish to see such another sight. For myself, I think I never was more exhausted.” A Spangler surgeon who was approaching total exhaustion called the work “too much for human endurance.”
The hospital would use almost every inch of that Pennsylvania bank barn. Dr. Brinton estimated that 500 wounded and dying men filled it. A hospital worker guessed 400. Men were crammed so closely together that they passed deadly infectious diseases such as typhoid fever to one another. Many men died of these diseases rather than the battle wound that brought them to the hospital. Pvt. Reuben Ruch, age 19 of the Easton area, 153rd Pennsylvania, said: “This barn was full of wounded men from one end to the other. Where there was room for a man you could find one. The hay mows, the feed room, the cow stable, the horse stable and loft.” The hospital grew to about 1,900 wounded on July 4-5 after the Confederates retreated and it was safe for ambulances to search on and around the battlefield for wounded men left behind. Even though the hospital served the XI Corps and its 26 regiments at Gettysburg, it hosted Confederate and Union wounded and men from more than 50 regiments altogether. Many Confederates were placed in the barn’s wagon shed to separate them from the Army of the Potomac wounded. The barn and other outbuildings quickly filled, so men were then placed in the open because not enough tents were provided after the battle.
“At the doorway I saw a huge stack of amputated arms and legs, a stack as high as my head!” said Pvt. William Southerton, age 21, 75th Ohio. “The most horrible thing I ever saw in my life! I wish I had never seen it! I sickened.” Wounded Pvt. Justus Silliman of the 17th Connecticut said, “The barn more resembled a butcher shop than any other institution. One citizen on going near it fainted away and had to be carried off.” [See Restored George Spangler Farm tells grim stories of Gettysburg dead and wounded.”]
Letter 3
Camp near Berlin Station, Virginia July 12, 1863
Dear folks at home,
We are stopping here for a day. We may stay a little longer before recrossing into Dixie. We have expelled the invader from Loyal soil! Many blame Gen. Meade for not bagging Lee’s force. Such persons are no judges of military forces or movements. Often our best officers are wronged & that shamefully by reporters who can judge nothing of the movements of an army. ‘Tis well enough to talk of cutting off the retreat of the Rebs but ‘twoud have been risking too much to have divided our forces so as to have undertaken it. We only gained the victory at Gettysburg by holding a very short line and making the most of all of our forces and acting on the defensive at that.
We are about 5 miles below Harper’s Ferrry. (I don’t know where I wrote you last but when we left Gettysburg, we marched back through Emmettsburg on over the mountains to Middleton, back to South Mountain, through to Boonsboro, on to Hagerstown, where [we] waited two days and fortified expecting another fight, but the Johnnies ran away. The morning after they retreated, our Corps marched down to Williamsport, saw that they were all well across and returned coming on here through Hagerstown, Middleton & Jefferson.
I am in very good health. Have had a horse since the fight at Gettysburg. I “picked up” a good one there (“picked up” is a very significant word in the army and accounts for the possession of anything a person may have). This one is a very good horse. I was going off to get rations up to the regiment about 3 the morning of the 4th when I came across him loose on a part of the battlefield with a good bridle and saddle on so I mounted it. I picked up a horse at [the] Beverly Ford fight but he had been used hard & gave out at Centreville so I walked to Gettysburg.
This is a splendid country, here and up into Pennsylvania. It is one continuous wheat field. It was the finest view I ever had from the mountains we crossed near Middleton. Hagerstown is the finest place we have been in on the march (I didn’t see much of Frederick) and the men, women, and young ladies & children came out in great numbers to see us pass just as you would at home to see a circus pass, in the porer parts of the city. Many exerted themselves to keep pails and tubs full of water placed where we could snatch a drink as we passed in the more worthy part of the city. The ladies waved their handkerchiefs very gracefully as we passed. The best way to serve the soldiers on a march is to have plenty of fresh cold water where they can snatch a cupful without falling behind.
I suppose you have had good accounts of the battle at Gettysburg but I can give you an idea of where our corps & regiment laid.
Locke’s Sketch of the 33rd Massachusetts’ position in Culp’s Meadow at Gettysburg
Our position, you see, was supporting the batteries near us and Battery 1 & 2 doing considerable damage. A number of Reb batteries from points 3 and 4 opened on them, bringing us under a crossfire which was very severe. The worst of our loss was sustained here.
But the mail goes in a few minutes & I must close. Send me two skeins of black silk & a few needles in your next. Also a silk pocket handkerchief. — Jose
Letter 4
Bristoe Station, Va. September 20, 1863
Dear folks at home,
We still remain at this place and probably shall for some time to come as our Corps is considerably scattered at present and we are doing duty which some one must do—viz: guard the railroad. Our Corps (what is here) now guards the railroad from Manassas Junction to the Rappahannock. One Division (the 1st) is at the siege of Charleston [and] one Brigade of our Division is in Alexandria.
I have been quite anxious lately for fear you did not receive my letter containing $50 in which I told about my box as I have not heard from you concerning it. We have received no boxes since the 10th inst. and I understand there is a lot of them now at Culpeper which will be sent here soon and probably mine is in it, if everything is right.
I got a letter from Gene a few days ago. He had not been there long but seemed to like.
We get but little news lately from anywhere but think everything is going on right. Our army has been for a long time and is now receiving great reinforcements. A great many conscripts besides over 30,000 men have lately returned from New York City who have been there from this army protecting and enforcing the law during the draft. We have received no conscripts and ’tis doubtful whether we get any for some time at least. Tis strange how a regiment will get reduced. Our regiment numbered (without the two companies which went into the 41st) 1,000 able bodied? men. We have had but few men killed in battle and we now draw rations for 461 men. Hardships pick off men faster than bullets. You may well believe that the most of the men we have now are tough.
Our regiment does a good deal of scouting now-a-days and under the direction of a boy 18 or 19 years old are quite successful. This young fellow (Doughty) came with the family when but five years old from the North somewhere so are good Union people. His father is in Richmond a prisoner. Young Doughty’s mother & sister live about 4 and a half miles from here. 1 He went as guide of a part a few days ago and alone took two cavalry Rebs prisoners and led our men to a house where there were 13 large trunks belonging to Reb officers and packed with their uniforms, &c. All of these our men opened and took everything out they wanted. There was a good deal of valuable property in them and our men came in loaded with booty.
We are having the weather very cool now and have had a long, cold storm for a few days past. Meg, postage stamps have “played out” as you may see by the envelope.
The bushwhackers are very bad and saucy around here. Not long ago they took a captain, five men and four horses—not long before they took Lieut. [Arthur C.] Parker of our regiment (he came out as Orderly Sergt. of Co. I) detailed on Gen. Meade’s staff as aide-de-camp. He visited the regiment, started off, and has not been heard from since. 2 They also took three teams out of a train of sutler’s wagons when the train was guarded by cavalry before & behind. They are very bold.
Write soon & I’ll let you know as soon as I get the box. — Jose.
1 My hunch is that the young man named Doughty was James R. Doughty (1842-1875), the son of Abraham Doughty (b. 1800) and Eunice Reynolds (180801872). This family came from New York to farm in Prince William county, Virginia, prior to 1850. After the war, James worked as a clerk in the Treasury Department for a time but in 1875 he was killed while working as a flagman on the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad when he fell under the wheels of the cars near Bowie Station.[Still need to verify his identity]
2 Arthur C. Parker was a 21 year-old student when he enlisted on 23 July 1862 as a 1st Sergeant in Co. I, 33rd Massachusetts. He was promoted to 2nd Lieutenant on 3 March 1863 and was killed by guerrillas on 16 August 1863 at Catlett’s Station, Virginia.
Letter 5
The following letter provides us with a riveting account of the 33rd Massachusetts’ participation in the Battle of Raccoon Ridge, Lookout Valley, Tennessee on 29 October 1863.
Camp near Lookout Mountain November 3rd 1863
Dear Folks at home,
Locke’s cryptic note reassuring the folks at home he was yet alive.
I wrote you a few lines the morning after the gallant charge and heavy loss of the 33rd [Massachusetts] on the 29th ult., but you of course would like to hear further particulars. I’ll tell you how we came here from Stevenson.
On October 24th, we marched back to Bridgeport, staid one night, and then marched across the river and went about five miles to Stuart’s Store where we staid till the morning of the 27th when we went on. About noon we stopped two hours at Shell Mound where is a very large cave. A small river runs out of it of splendid cool and clear water. It is as large as the one running from the Massebesic to the Merrimack at Goffs Falls. I went into it most a mile. Boats can go up the stream a good many miles.
We kept on and staid that night among the mountains and the next p.m. came in sight of Lookout Mountain, advanced, drove in the reb pickets & kept on but were soon opened on from the batteries on the mountain & they shelled us pretty sharp before we fell back. We lost Sergt. Adams of Co. F from Lowell here. He was killed on the spot. This was at “4” on the map. From here we fell back round the hills and marched on towards the river & went in camp at “10.” Here we all went to sleep quietly (excepting Companies A, B, & G which went off scouting so were not in the fight).
At 1 o’clock we were all [awakened by] firing about a mile off and soon we were turned [out] by the bugle and the regiment ordered off at double quick. The Chaplain & I followed hard after keeping close up to pick up any wounded. It was very dark—about 1:30 o’clock—and as we advanced up the hill in line of battle, there was some confusion and some of the officers thought the 73rd Ohio was partly ahead of us and when near the top of the hill, the adjutant hallowed and asked if the 73rd was ahead and the rebs cried out, “Yes! 73rd. Don’t shoot your own men!” and then gave us a terrible volley, wounding our Colonel, killing our Color Sergeant, and killing & wounding many more.
We then fell back to the road at the foot of the hill amid the shower of bullets. Here we formed anew, fixed bayonets, and steadily advanced under their heavy fire—reserving our fire till on top of the hill and then giving them the bayonet alone. This the rebs couldn’t stand but scattered like sheep and we went into their pits with such a yell as is only heard where a bayonet charge is made. We had only a part of two regiments in the charge, ours and the 73rd Ohio—not more than 500 men. But the rebs allow that they had five regiments with over 2,000 men. 1
The hill is about 200 feet high and very steep in most every place—45o—with a growth of oak and considerable underbrush. And the men went in with knapsacks & everything on & I didn’t see one thing thrown off. They didn’t know they had them on. The victory was ours but dearly won. I was at work hard all the time helping the wounded off and as it grew lighter, it was a sad sight to come across intimate friends dead and cold as they fell or just breathing their last.
Our adjutant—a young man almost idolized by every man in the regiment, two 2nd Lieutenants, and our Color Bearer all lay dead not far apart. We lost four officers killed and four wounded, 25 men killed, 56 wounded, and two missing—probably killed. None of the Normals were hurt. Our Colonel is very badly wounded but may recover.
I send you a rough map of the country as near as I could make it out. Also a rough sketch of the hill we took & Lookout Mountain beyond. By timing sound, we make it 1.75 miles from the top of Lookout [Mountain] to the top of the hill we are on. Lookout is impregnable from the front, being 1400 feet hight—very steep & a perpendicular wall or ledge all round the top.
Write soon & often. I got the letters but have not got my box but consider it safe and sure sometime. We are shelled every day from Lookout but they don’t do much damage.
1 Locke’s account squares well with Samuel H. Hurst, 73rd Ohio Infantry. “When we had approached within 2 or 3 rods of the enemy’s breastworks there opened upon us a most murderous fire from a force on our right flank, completely enfilading our line. The appearance of this force on our flank seemed to forbid our farther advance. I knew we had no support on our right, and we had not held communication with the 33rd Massachusetts at any time during the engagement. Regarding the Seventy-third as the directing battalion, I had paid no attention to our support on the left, and it was impossible for me to learn whether Col. Underwood was advancing or not, while heavy and irregular firing, with cries of “Don’t fire upon your own men,” coming from the left of our front, only increased the confusion. Under the circumstances I deemed it rash to advance farther until I knew that one, at least, of my flanks was protected. I ordered the regiment to retire a few rods, which they did in perfect order, and lay down again, while I sent Capt. Higgins to ascertain the position and movements of the 33rd Massachusetts. Learning that, though they had fallen back, they were again advancing, I was preparing to go forward also, when information came that the 33rd had turned the enemy’s flank, was gallantly charging him in his breastworks, and driving him from the left crest of the hill.”
Poem composed by S. J. Ewing of Co. F, 33rd Massachusetts. Ewing was later mortally wounded at the Battle of Resaca,. Georgia, on 15 June 1864
Letter 6
This letter describes in detail the action of the 33rd Massachusetts and other regiments in their brigade during the Battle of Peachtree Creek that took place on 20 July 1864. It was a desperate hand-to hand struggle in which both sides incurred heavy losses.
Four miles north of Atlanta, Ga. July 23rd 1864
We are still with the wagon train and have escaped one hard fight by being on duty at the rear—the first fight we have kept out of on the campaign. On the 20th inst. our Corps and one Division of the 4th Corps had a desperate open field fight. The Rebs under their new commander (Hood) made a charge on our lines intending to break them at all hazards. Our men were just forming after crossing a deep creek (Peachtree Creek). Our men were in one line of battle and had they been broken through they must have nearly all been captured but they rallied for a good position and met the Rebs with a terrible volley mowing them down and then there come a fight where every man fought on his own “hook”—loading and firing—or charging bayonets. Some used the butts of their guns ad others had it hand to hand.
A man in the 136th New York made for a color bearer—he was shot through the hand but kept on—knocked the color bearer down with the butt of his gun and brought the colors off 3 or 4 rods but was shot dead—when one of his comrades brought the colors safely off. 1
The 26th Wisconsin also captured a stand of colors 2 and 7 officers swords (from killed and wounded officers). With such fighting the rebels were repulsed with great slaughter and left their dead, wounded, and many prisoners besides in our hands. 153 dead rebels were buried where our Brigade alone fought and our Brigade only lost 147 men in killed and wounded (one-fifth of killed and wounded are generally killed—sometime more, sometimes less).
Our front lines are now two miles from Atlanta but it is hard telling how long they will hold out. Our left is already on and across the Atlanta & Augusta Railroad and it is reported that the Atlanta & Macon Railroad is cut. Gen. McPherson was killed a few days ago. It was a heavy loss to our [ ] for he was a fine General and has commanded the flanks of the army whenever a flank movement has been made. Sherman put a great deal of confidence in him.
I got my shirt today. It is very nice and suits me to a “T.” Many a thanks to Aunt Mary for making it. How is Aunt’s health now? and is she staying at home? I have received no writing paper yet and can’t think why they don’t come. But someone made a great bull in paying 84 cents on this bundle. A new postal law allows any package less than two pounds to go for 2 cents per ounze. Many shirts come from Massachusetts by mail for 12 to 15 cents apiece. But don’t send letters in it. Send them separate. Don’t put more than that or the post master must be a fool or a knave to charge on that.
1 Locke’s post-battle rendition of this incident corresponds favorably to other post-war accounts, one of which states: “The men of the 136th New York Regiment bore an honorable part in this battle, during which one of their number, Private Dennis Buckley, of Co. G, captured the battle flag of the 31st Mississippi, knocking down the Confederate color bearer with the butt of his musket and wrenching the colors from his grasp. While Buckley was waving the captured flag defiantly at the ranks of the enemy a bullet fired at him struck the flagstaff, glanced, and hit him in the forehead, killing him instantly. A year or more after the war closed the War Department gave a Medal of Honor to be delivered to the mother of Dennis Buckley, in recognition of his heroism at the battle of Peach Tree Creek and the capture by him of one of the enemy’s flags.”
2 The 26th Wisconsin has always laid claim that they captured the colors of the 33rd Mississippi at the Battle of Peachtree Creek. Certainly Locke’s post-battle account confirms that claim though he does not provide any specifics. It has become a matter of dispute through the years as to who actually captured that flag. [See The Capture of the 33rd Mississippi Infantry’s Colors on Civil War Talk, 14 October 2013.]
Letter 7
The following letter was written soon after Sherman’s Army had passed through Milledgeville, Georgia, on its March to the Sea. [See Week 31: The sack of Milledgeville, by Michael K. Shaffer in the Atlanta Journal Constitution.
[Early December 1864]
Dear Mother
A few days ago I sent a small box home by Express. It contained two books which I had on hand and a few other trinkets which I thought would [be] worth what the express would amount to for relief alone. The big knife I took from the State Arsenal at Milledgeville. It is a sample of what Georgia armed her soldiers with in the first of the war. There were hundreds of them in the Arsenal, but this one was of a superior kind—probably for an officer. The others were longer with wooden handle. The powder flask (U.S.) and wad pouch also came from there—plunder Uncle Sam + also the cap pouch, but the cavalry cartridge box (leather) I got at the Beverly Ford fight in Virginia. I took it from a captured rebel. The C.S.A. waist belt plate came from Resaca. The lead fuse of a shell was thrown at us from Atlanta by the Rebs.
The money and other papers came from the State House at Milledgeville. Of the money, keep a sheet of each kind for me and do with the other as you please—only give Fannie some of it. Preserve the Adjt. Gen. Report & the Governor’s Message. To fill up [the box], I put in some specimens of the trees &c. found here and a piece of Spanish moss. I never saw a more splendid sight in nature than a live oak tree hung full of that long trailing moss—the tree a dark green and the moss hanging down from six to ten feet long and proportionally thick and heavy. But the branch with buds on it I marked as Magnolia. It is a ge-pon’ icar (I have spelt it as pronounced) It is a splendid shrub and I have seen several in bloom now in the middle of January. We are having splendid weather, mild and comfortable.
The following letter was written by Thomas E. Bispham (1835-1865), the son of Thomas Bispham (1797-1879) and Elizabeth Jennings (1795-1878) of Wayne township, Warren county, Ohio. Thomas was married to Sarah Frances Likins (1840-1902) in March 1857 and the couple had two children at the time that Thomas enlisted as a private in Co. H, 79th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (OVI) in August 1862.
Thomas was promoted to a corporal in February 1863 and made it through the Atlanta campaign without injury but was wounded at Averysboro, North Carolina on 16 March 1865. He died of his wounds at David’s Island (N.Y. harbor) hospital on 25 May 1865.
In this letter, Thomas describes the Battle of 20 July 1864 at Peachtree Creek in the Atlanta Campaign.
There is a striking similarity in Thomas’s handwriting with that of a diary fragment that I transcribed back in January 2021 which I was able to attribute to the 79th OVI but not to any particular soldier. I suspect, however, the mystery soldier served in Co. I.
Transcription
Addressed to Thomas Bispham, Esq., Waynesville, Warren county, Ohio
Camp 79th OVI Sunday, July 24th 1863
My Dear Father & Mother,
I thought as Sallie was from home, maybe you would not hear from me, and perhaps you might wish to. Therefore, I will write.
On the 20th we got into quite a battle. The rebs attacked our lines. We (our brigade) was laying in the rear of a gap, and when the attack was made we had to move up to get on the line. We had a fair, open fight and defeated them. I had some very fine shots. Our regiment lost 58—ten killed and forty-eight wounded. Co. H had George Brinker & Corp. I[saac] F. Stump killed. Joseph H. Wolfe, Asa Chandler, John Prater, Wm. Watkinson and Martin Lansey wounded. I have heard they are all doing very well but Wolfe. It is estimated from the number we have in our possession that the Rebels lost from ten to fifteen hundred in front of our brigade.
On the 22d, we moved to where we now lay. We are said to be two miles from Atlanta. There was severe fighting on our left on the 22d. It is reported that [James B.] McPherson was killed. There is no trouble to keep awake here during the day. The rebs are shelling us continually. But we have pretty good works and they have not done us but very little injury yet. If we happen to be out of our ditches, and a shell comes pretty close, it is amusing to see the diving. The rebs came out and attacked our pickets yesterday. We expected a fight but they thought best to retire. We are all willing for them to come, so there is not more than three times as many as there is of us. This is all my paper so I must close.
From your Affectionate Son — Thos. E. Bispham
Co. H, 79th OVI, 1st Brigade, 3d Division, 20 [Army] Corps
An image of Joe could not be found but this image is claimed to be Asbury Petty Welsh of Co. F, 15th OVI who was wounded at the Battle of Missionary Ridge on 25 November 1863. While his visage bears a strong resemblance to a post-war image, his record suggests he never rose above the rank of private, however.
These 14 letters were written by Joseph Edie Stewart (1841-1916), the son of William Stewart (1804-1891) and Esther Bell (1815-1843) of St. Clairsville, Belmont county, Ohio. In August 1861 when he was 20 years old, Joseph enlisted in Co. E, 15th Ohio Infantry Volunteers (OVI). He was wounded and taken prisoner on 31 December 1862 during the Battle of Stone’s River and held captive until his exchange at which time he returned to his regiment near Murfreesboro in June 1863.
Joseph wrote the letter to his cousin, Margaret (“Maggie”) Jane Stewart (1844-1928), the daughter of John Stewart (1806-1892) and Anne Belle Patton (1813-1892) also of St. Clairsville. Joseph served in the same company and regiment as Maggie’s older brother, Robert Bell Stewart.
Two Stewart cousins were raised in Belmont county, Ohio—one of the more pro-Southern counties of the Buckeye State. It was a largely agrarian county that had formed strong attachments to the South as the outlet for its goods and produce. Anti-war sentiment remained strong throughout the entire war and the St. Clairsville Gazette was one of the most outspoken Copperhead newspapers in the state. References to Belmont county politics and the conflicts between “Unionists” and “Copperheads” on the home front are sprinkled throughout Joe’s letters.
To read the 18 letters of Robert Bell Stewart (Joe’s cousin) who served with him in Co. E, 15th OVI, see:
Camp Andy Johnson near Nashville, Tennessee March 13th 1862
Cousin Maggie,
I received your letter since we arrived in this camp. I suppose you have heard where we are before this time. I am looking for a letter from home everyday. The mail has just come, but nothing from home yet. I have not had but one from home since we left Camp Wood. I got a letter today from Jane McCoy. She said that James McCoy had gone to Illinois to live and liked the country first rate. I had a letter from William Stewart. The boys were then at Paw Paw Tunnel, Morgan Co., Virginia, and had been in a little fight at Bloomery Gap. But no doubt you have heard all about it.
I suppose Bob 1 has told all about our march from Camp Wood here and it is not worth my while to tell all about it. I will quit till after dinner.
Dinner over and I will bet you could not guess what we had for dinner. It was vegetable soup. It is a composition of all kinds of vegetables. We boiled it with beef and made first rate soup. It is the first that we ever got.
We have the finest kind of spring weather here now. The nights are rather cool but the days are very warm. It rained some last night and this morning. We have had a little snow since we came but did not last long. You ought to be down here just to see the country. I have not seen any in all our travels that is anything like as nice as it is down here. I think sometimes that I would like to live here. There is some of the nicest buildings and yards here that I have yet seen. I seen some pretty nice country in Ohio but this beats all. It will pay us if we never have a fight just to see the country. I have not got to see the city of Nashville yet. We came through after night and it was so dark that we could hardly see the houses on the side of the street. We are about 4 miles south of the city on the Franklin Pike. We don’t expect to be here very long. Some say we will leave here before next Monday but where to, we don’t know.
We had some cheering news from Manassas night before last—that there had been a hard fought battle there—that our men were victorious and had taken 60,000 prisoners. If this news is true, the secesh are about played out. We hear cheering news from every side and I am beginning to think that the secesh are about played out generally.
Our pickets have had some little skirmishes since we come here. The long roll called us out last Sunday morning but we did not leave quarters. There was but about 70 or 80 of the rebel’s cavalry came up and the pickets whipped them. The citizens here are all secesh.
I have just got a Louisville Journal which gives us more good news from the West. Our men are the victors at every fight. We have a pretty large force here now. Some say there is about one hundred fifty thousand here. I have not had any pictures taken yet but expect to tomorrow or next day. I could have had a picture taken before we left Camp Wood, but I had no money. I did not get any Valentine’s sent. We left Camp Wood about the time I was going to send some. I would like to have sent Bill Hinkle a good one. I think it would be a pretty good joke to send Bill a cracker. Some of the boys did send some cracker and Valentines. I hear that Becca Gray is married to Armstrong Porter. I wish her a happy life. I was not expecting to hear of her being married. I don’t care who gets married so there is one left for me when I get home. There is some pretty good-looking women down here but I don’t think a southern lady would suit me . My love to all. Write soon and often.
1 “Bob” was Joe’s cousin, Robert Bell Stewart, who served in the same company and regiment. Bob was Maggie’s brother.
Letter 2
Camp on Battle Creek Saturday, August 16th 1862
Cousin Maggie,
Some time has elapsed since I received your letter. I would have answered sooner, but have had a great deal to do lately. I wrote one to Craig a few days ago. I received Annie’s letter a few days ago. Bob got one from Jim at the same time. We have to go on picket twice a week. We are putting up some fortifications near the mouth of Battle Creek. About half of our company is out at work on them today. I would have been out but was not able to do anything. I was in the river a few days ago and ran onto a snag and got a pretty severe hurt. But I think it will soon be well.
I can’t imagine what is the reason I don’t get any more letters from home. The last one I had was written on the 15th of July. They certainly don’t write any or else they don’t come through. I feel anxious to hear how they are getting along with their harvesting, &c.
Sunday Morning 17th
Lieutenant Danford and Sergeant Hewetson will start for home this morning at 9 o’clock to recruit for the company. I will send this with Danford. I reckon [your brothers] Jim and John have left you [to join the 98th OVI] before this time. If they had not been in so much of a hurry they would have had the chance to get into our company. You will feel quite lonesome now, more so than when we left, but I hope we may all return soon to our homes. It has been nearly one year now since we left home. The time has been very short to me but home—that dear old spot—is ever fresh upon my memory. I wonder sometimes if home looks like it used to. I will think of home a great deal more since the boys have left, wondering how father will get along by himself. I reckon there is no one that can be got now to help him as everybody will be gone to war.
I am sorry to tell you that the only field officer we had has left us and that was our Lieutenant-Colonel [William F.] Wilson. The boys all loved him and he the boys just as much. He was so sorry to leave us he could hardly speak to us when he started. We have got another man in our regiment—Colonel [Moses R.] Dickey—but we don’t call him a man. He is not liked by a [single] man in the regiment. We call him an old red-headed tyrant. He done all he could to injure Colonel Wilson. He knew the boys did not like him and that they did like Colonel Wilson. This was the reason why Wilson left. He would not be dogged round by Colonel Dickey any longer. We’re trying to get him out and I hope we will succeed. Dickey was up to Huntsville last week and I hear that he has got our regiment out of the 6th brigade and will be taken to Huntsville to guard. Dickey tried to get a promotion as Brigadier General but could not come it. Colonel [August] Willich of the 32nd Indiana got the appointment and now commands our brigade.
Our regiment all want to stay in the sixth brigade but we want to get rid of Colonel Dickey. We are building a fort at the mouth of Battle Creek. It will be called Fort McCook. I reckon you have heard that General Robert McCook was killed a short time ago by some guerrillas. I have some inscriptions taken off some tombstones in a graveyard near Battle Creek. They’re quite curiosities. I will send them just as they are on the stones. they will give you some idea of southern learning.
I have written this in a hurry to have it ready to send with Danford. Write soon. I will write to Annie soon. Ever your cousin, — J. E. Stewart
Letter 3
Addressed to Miss Maggie J. Stewart, St. Clairsville, Belmont county, Ohio
Camp Lunatic Asylum [Six miles from Nashville, Tennessee] November 26th 1862
Cousin Maggie,
It has been some time since I received your letter. I received one from Nan day before yesterday. I have not had one from home for some time. I have as good health as common. We have as good health in the regiment as ever we had. We have but one sick in our company now. Morning report gives six hundred and sixty for duty in the regiment and about sixty for duty in our company. We have the largest regiment in our division now. We are looking for Lieut. [Lorenzo] Danford and Walt Hewetson back every day with some recruits for our company.
We had a letter the other day from uncle John Bell. He was then in Camp Dennison. He wanted to get into our regiment but he could not get here unless he could get some more to come with him which he could not do. He expected to go into the 62nd [OVI] Regiment now in Virginia. I would like first rate if he could get into our company.
Well, I suppose old Davy Shatzer is satisfied now as he has got Pete home again. I would like to know what fool went as a substitute for him. I suppose Pete is happy now as he is out of the army and got himself a wife. John Howard and Pete should both be in the army. There seems to be more marriages now than there was before the war commenced. If they keep on, they will all be married that are at home. There is no one that will gain any credit for himself by acting the coward in staying at home. [If] nothing happens, we will be at home some day and you may be sure they will not have much peace. Such fellows if they ever intend to marry, they had better be about it before we get home.
This has been a very busy camp. We have something to do every day. We go on picket every fifth day, have foraging trains to guard, and drill four hours every day that we have nothing else to do. We drill company drill two hours in the forenoon and battalion drill two hours in the afternoon. It is pretty cool weather and we can stand it to be put through. It is better for us to drill some every day than to lay in camp and do nothing.
We are now camped at the Lunatic Asylum six miles from Nashville on the Murfreesboro Pike. We have a nice camp and plenty of good water but there is no telling how long we will stay here. It would be a nice place to stay all winter but I don’t suppose we will stay here very long. We have but three tents to the company and are very much crowded. We have twenty-one in our mess. Every man does his own cooking. Rob 1 and myself have a small coffee pot and a frying pan which we have carried ever since we left Louisville. Company cooks have played out and nobody is sorry for it. We can cook to suit ourselves now. While we had company cooks, no one was allowed to cook anything at all.
The cars run through to Nashville again and I think Old Morgan will not get a chance to destroy the railroad as much as he did when Old [Don Carlos] Buell had command of our army. The old traitor (Buell) was not removed any too soon. It has been reported here that Buell has gone South. If such is the case, he will get some high position in their army. It won’t do for him to show himself to us again if he don’t want his scalp taken. He has been a traitor ever since he has been in the army. 2 We were on half rations at Battle Creek and he was feeding the secesh with our rations. I don’t know how Rosecrans will get along but I hope he will do the fair thing. The army have confidence in him and he has confidence in his men.
John Todd died in the hospital in Nashville on the 17th. 3 We did not hear it till today. He had been sick ever since we left Louisville but stayed with us till we come to Nashville. When we moved here from the other side of the River, he was taken to the hospital. His disease was brought on by himself. It commenced with “home sickness”—something like he was last winter. I did not expect ever to see him again when he left us.
We have no drill this afternoon. Write soon. Give all the news. I wrote to Nan a short time ago. I must write home one of these days. My love to all. As ever your cousin, — Joe
1 “Rob” was Robert Bell Stewart, Joe’s cousin, and the brother of Maggie Stewart (the recipient of this letter).
2 Gen. Don Carlos Buell was relieved from command of the Army of the Ohio and replaced by Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans on 24 October 1862. A military committee investigated Buell’s conduct during and after Perryville, but came to no conclusions, and Buell considered his reputation vindicated as he did not compromise his principles in waging war. After his dismissal, he was ordered to Indianapolis to await future assignments, but none came. Buell earned the nickname “The McClellan of the West” for his cautious approach and desire for a limited war that would not disrupt civilian life in the South or interfere with slavery. Although he staunchly opposed secession, he was never able to reconcile himself with the Lincoln administration. Buell’s wife had owned slaves prior to the war, and their marriage, although she freed them shortly after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter. Buell had no personal animosity towards slavery or the Southern way of life.[Wikipedia]
3 Other sources state that John A. Todd of Co. E, 15th OVI died on 10 November 1862.
Letter 4
Annapolis, Maryland Monday, February 9th 1863
Cousin Maggie,
I received your letter today and you had better think I was glad to hear from you. I have not had a letter from home yet but am looking for one every day. I did not expect to hear of John being at home. I intend to go home if ever an opportunity presents itself. Some of our boys started for home a few days ago without money and without leave. It is hard to tell how they will get through. I don’t think I would like to start without money, at any rate.
I heard this morning that we have all been exchanged. If such be the case, we will probably leave here before long. If they take us through by Wheeling, you may expect to see me at home. I like to stay here very well and will be content to stay here as long as they see fit to keep me. I am still in the hospital yet, but expect to go to Camp Parole in a few days. One side of my arm is healed up; the other is healing fast. I will not have the right use of my arm for a long time. The ball cut the main leaders in my arm and it will take some time for them to heal up so that I can have the right use of my arm.
I am sorry to hear of [John] Brown Dysart’s death [on 15 January 1863]. We were together when I was taken prisoner. I did not think that his wound would prove fatal. I am sorry too to hear that John [W.] Danford is dead. It was the report among us that there was four killed dead of our company on the field, but I am glad to hear that such was not the case and that we have lost a much less number than I expected. I never thought of getting out as safe as I did. I am glad to hear that [cousin] Robert has got through safe. I saw a list of the killed and wounded of our regiment a few days ago. Robert’s name was not mentioned and I took from that that he was not hurt. I wrote to him last week and told him to send me what letters he had for me but I don’t expect he has very many for me. Anything else, I suppose, he will keep for me.
I would like to be with the company first rate but I reckon there will be no chance to get there until they get ready to send me. I would like to have got a box from home first rate but if I had a little money, I could get anything that you could send me—everything is so plenty and cheap [here]. I hope to get home before I go back to the regiment. It is very uncertain how long we will stay here and it would be uncertain whether I would be here until a box would come. Our hospital is in the Navy Yard close to the bay. We can go down everyday to the bay and get all the oysters we want. I was down today and got all I could eat and carried some up for the other boys.
We don’t get quite as much to eat in the hospital as I would like to have. For breakfast we get bread butter and coffee. Dinner we get bread, beef soup, and potatoes. For supper we get bread, butter, and tea. Sometimes we get a little more but maybe it is better for us as we have very little exercise.
We had a hard time of it in the South. I suffered a great deal with my wound while in the South. We were starved half the time, had to lay out at night without shelter, and ride in old cars that were not fit to haul hogs on. I only hope that I will never get into their hands again. It is my opinion that they will be starved out before long—everything is an awful price. Flour was $45 a barrel and everything else in proportion. They are so bad off in some places that they’re pressing flour from the citizens for their army. Their army while fighting at Murfreesboro had nothing to eat. Some had a little flour in their haversacks.
Hoping they get home soon and talk over what has passed, I will quit at present. Write again soon. My love to all. Ever your cousin, —Joe
Direct as before to U.S. General Hospital, Annapolis, Md
Letter 5
Camp Chase, Ohio March 18th 1863
Cousin Maggie,
I suppose you have heard that I am now in Champ Chase. I have not been very well for two or three days. I have got a bad cold and sore throat. I think it will be well in a few days. I wrote a letter to Nan a few days before we left Annapolis. I told her that we were going to leave there on the 10th. We did leave on the evening of the 10th but did not come the road I expected to. If we had come through on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, I would have been at home before this time. We got here last Friday evening. We got into Pittsburgh about 11 o’clock at night, got our suppers, and started again about 2 o’clock. If we had come through there in daylight, I would have stopped a day or two at Layton’s. A great many of our boys stopped at Pittsburgh and went home. I thought that I would risk getting home from here. I want to get some money and clothes now before I go home.
The House passed a joint resolution last Saturday requesting the President to let us all remain at home until exchanged. Gov. Todd started for Washington City Monday morning to see about it. I hope the President will grant the request. I will stay here till the Governor comes back and if the President has not granted the request, I will go home anyhow. There is lots of boys leaves here every day without leave.
I wrote a letter home the next day after we come here. I told them not to write as I expected to start home the first of this week. I expect you will be looking pretty big for me about this time. Write as soon as you get this. Tell me if you sent any letters to me at Annapolis. If you did, I will send for them. I will step in one of these days when you are not looking for me.
We get plenty to eat. There is plenty of peddlers in camp but we have no money. But I think we will have some in a few days. Write soon as ever, your cousin, — Joe E. Stewart
Direct [to] Regiment, Co. A, 1st P. P. Camp Chase, Ohio
I must write a letter to Robert today.
Letter 6
Camp Drake Murfreesboro, Tennessee Saturday, June 13th 1863
Cousin Mag,
I suppose you have heard before this that I am again with the regiment. I have wrote one letter home since I came back which I suppose they have got by this time. We left Camp Chase on the 2nd, run down to Cincinnati on the cars, then on a boat to Louisville. We got to Louisville on Wednesday about noon, had to lay over there until Friday morning, got to Nashville on Friday night, and went to the barracks. Left Nashville on Saturday morning (this day week ago), [and] arrived here about 10 o’clock.
We were not long about finding the regiment as they are camped pretty close to the depot. We found the boys generally well and looking first rate. I don’t see any change in [cousin] Bob since the last time I saw him. He has got a letter from you and one from Craig since I come. I got one from “Dr” since I come here that was directed to Camp Chase. Tell her that my ears have not been burning any yet—only from the heat. It is awful hot here about the middle of the day. Somebody must be thinking about me nearly all the time for I can hardly keep my shoes tied. I expect it must be Liz McCoy for as Nan said in her letter, she could do nothing but think about me. I don’t think she need trouble herself thinking about me. I guess Liz was pretty bad struck but that is all the good it will do her. I am going to write to her sometime just to see what kind of an answer I will get. Don’t tell her what I have said. I suppose she is at home now. She begged the hardest kind for a photograph but she did not get one.
Our regiment has new Enfield rifles yesterday. I have got a gun, but no equipments yet. I have been out on drill two or three times. It is pretty warm work but is not very hard. We drill the skirmish drill most of the time. It comes quite natural to take hold of a musket again. The nasty flies bother me so that I can hardly write. You never saw half as many flies as we have here and such mean ones. We can’t keep them out of anything—especially when we’re eating.
Well Capt., I suppose about this time you are enjoying yourself at the mass meeting in St. Clairsville. We had the other evening what Col. Gibson calls one of General Willich’s mass meetings. Cols. Gibson and Jones were presented with a watch apiece. Capt. [Lorenzo] Danford delivered the presentation speech—and a good one it was too, after which Gibson and Jones gave us a short speech apiece. They were all good speeches but Gibson’s was rather the best. I suppose you remember the speech I read of his while at home. It was a good speech but the one the other evening was a great deal better than that one. Gibson is one of the best speakers in Ohio. The brigade was called out about the first of the week to hear a speech from Ex-Gov. Williams of Indiana.
We have good times here—plenty of fun. I feel a great deal better satisfied here than I did in Camp Chase. I felt mighty lonesome for a while in Camp Chase—hardly knew how to put the time in. I have been here now one week and the time seems shorter than three weeks did in Camp Chase. I had half a notion to go back home again [and] would have went back if we had not left there when we did. Some of the boys did go home again and are here now. We have plenty to eat here. Can get vegetables but they are most too dear to buy many. I got three bunches of onions yesterday. Paid 50 cts. for them. Was 15 onions in the three bunches. We had all the vegetables we wanted while in Camp Chase. I had some cherries and strawberries while in Cincinnati. I suppose you have plenty of them at home now. There is some talk of our brigade being mounted but I don’t know how it will turn out. I hope we will. We will have to go out on brigade drill at 3 o’clock and I will have to hurry and finish. Tell “Dr” that I will answer her letter soon. I suppose the Capt. will be over to see you before he returns. Write Soon, and give all the news. My love to all, as ever your cousin, — Joe
Letter 7
Tullahoma, Tennessee July 7th 1863
Dear cousin Mag.
I have just returned from town. Went over to get some letter paper and got the last quire that was to be had. I will now proceed to answer yours of the 24th which was received the first of July. I expect you are almost entirely ignorant as to how things are going on at present in this department. It was reported that no mail would be allowed to leave Murfreesboro for 20 days after we left. Don’t know how true it is. We get mail regular.
You have no doubt heard that we have moved from Murfreesboro and taken Tullahoma. We had no general engagement. The rebs were too fleet-footed for us and were as fast as we advanced. Our Division engaged the Rebs at Liberty Gap on the 24th and 25th. Whipped them both days and drove them out of the gap. We had 33 killed and wounded in our regiment. Capt. [Lorenzo] Danford was wounded. No other one hurt in our company. William [R.] Kirkwood, Co. B, was killed. [John E.] Ramage of Co. F was killed. Lieut. [Andrew E.] Smiley, Co. A, was killed. We marched from Liberty Gap to Manchester, then to this place. Our advance entered Tullahoma about noon on the 1st. The rebs evacuated the night before leaving 4 heavy siege funs and a lot of provision behind. Our men followed them up and I believe are still in pursuit. The most of Bragg’s army is now across the Tennessee River. We will have Chattanooga before a week. General Burnside is moving down through East Tennessee.
We have taken a great many prisoners—I believe about 5,000. We have also taken several pieces of artillery in the fight at Shelbyville. About 500 rebs were drowned in the attempt to ford Duck River. It was thought that General Wheeler was drowned but the report needs confirmation. The rebels lost one Brig. General killed. They lost several of the best men they had.
It was our luck for once to be left but I would just as leave be in the front. Our Division was left here to hold the place and I expect we will get our horses before we leave here. When we get our horses, you need not expect to hear from me again for some time for if we ever get a start, we will go all over the Southern Confederacy before stop. I would like such a trip first rate.
It will soon be peach time. The potatoes & apples are fit to use now. I expect you would like to have had some of the rain we have had since we left Murfreesboro. It commenced rain on the 24th and has rained every day but one since. It has not rained any today yet but I expect there will be before night. The roads are almost impassable. We had to wade through the mud knee deep. We look for the cars down today. I would like to see them come for we are pretty short of rations and the teams can’t get here until the roads get better. Our baggage was left behind and I would like to see it coming up.
We had a dispatch yesterday from the War Department that Meade & Lee had fought three days and that Lee had been repulsed and was in full retreat. Bully for Meade. It is also reported that a force of 50,000 is marching on to Richmond. I hope they will take it before Lee get back. It is reported that a dispatch come last night stating that Vicksburg had surrendered with 20,000 prisoners, 150 pieces of artillery and small arms. I don’t know how true it is, but believe if it is not so, it will be before very long. If all our army would be as successful as we have been, I think the fuss would soon be over. A great change is taking place in the minds of the Southern people. The tennesseans in Bragg’s army swear they will never cross the Tennessee River. They say that they will not fight for the South any longer and will desert and join our army the first chance. It is said that Bragg is turning. I should not wonder if there was something of it and that will probably account for him not fighting us. I am sure I don’t care how soon all of them turns and comes back into the Union so that we can once more return to our homes to live in peace.
I had a letter from Esther a few days ago. She sent me her’s & Narcissa McCoy’s photograph. I think they are pretty good ones, though I have not seen Narcissa McCoy for 7 or 8 years.
We are going to have a heavy rain pretty soon. I hope it will quit raining soon and dry up for a little while. I like to see rain but not so much as we have had within the last two weeks. I hear that there has been a muss in Loydetown between the Union chaps, and the Copperheads. I am glad to hear that the Copperhead boys were badly whipped. I like to hear of the Union boys being so spunky, more particular the Ladies that were engaged.
Well, you did get to see the Captain. I suppose you enjoyed yourself while he was with you? I hear that he has been promoted to Major. If he keeps on going up, I expect he will be a Brig. General yet. It is a pity indeed that I could not be at the festival at Bush Hill. I would like first rate to have been there, but other business would not let me be there. As soon as we get these rebs tended too.
Write soon Major! My love to all. as ever your cousin, — Joe
Letter 8
Camp in Alabama September 5, 1863
Cousin Maggie,
I suppose you are aware that the army here is on the move and that part of it has crossed the Tennessee River. We left Bellefont on last Sabbath the 30th and the morning of the 31st we crossed the river. Davis’ Division crossed the day before and Neglee’s the day after. We have three divisions of infantry and two of cavalry on this road. I can hardly tell you just where we are but we are not far from the Georgia line and near a little town called Lebanon. By looking at the map you can tell just where we are. Our destination, I think, is Rome, Georgia. We have Chattanooga completely flanked and when we get to Rome, we will have Bragg’s retreat cut off by railroad. We are now forty miles in the rear of Chattanooga. If Bragg don’t look sharp, he will find himself surrounded before he knows it. He has a pretty strong force but I have no fears as to the result of our expedition.
We have pretty near cavalry enough to whip half of Bragg’s army.
Crittenden’s Corps crossed the river above Chattanooga and will flank it from the east. I hope that our generals will make a good thing of it. We have crossed a range of mountains since we crossed the river called the Sand Mountains. We have the Lookout Mountains to cross yet and then we will have nice level country to operate over. We will soon be down into the country that I was in last winter while a prisoner.
Our army is in the best of health and in good spirits. We have everything to carry now. All of our teams but three ave been taken to bring up supplies. We find a great many loyal people on our march and a great many are joining our army. If Bragg retreats from Chattanooga, he will lose nearly one half of his army. They are deserting him now as fast as they can. I saw two men and a woman starting afoot this morning for Illinois. The woman was carrying a child and the men their bedding. They will have a long tramp if they walk all the way to Illinois.
We have had no mail or papers for a day or two and we can’t tell much about what is going on in other parts of the army. How long we will stay, I can’t tell. We came here last night. We go on picket in about half an hour and I will have to close up pretty soon. I don’t know when this will go out, but I will not have it ready so that it will go when the mail goes. When I write again, I hope to be able to tell you of a great victory at Chattanooga. I have no idea that we will get into a general engagement but if such is the case, I put all my trust in the God of battles to guide me safely through.
You will have to excuse these few lines at this time. My love to all. Write soon. Goodbye. Ever your cousin, — J. E. Stewart
Direct to Co. E, 15th OVI, 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 20th Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland
Monday, September 7th. We were called out on picket before I got this started off. We got some mail Saturday night. I received a letter from home. It was written after the Puke Meeting in St. Clairsville. I am glad to hear that they are fighting among themselves. I hope they will keep it up until they are all killed off. I hear that the butternuts are going to send men to the army to electioneer for Val[landigham]. If such men want to save their bacon. They had better never come near the armies. They boys swear they will hang every one of them and they will do it too. I don’t believe we have a man in our regiment that will vote for Val. If there is any Vallandighammers, they will not dare to vote. They will be afraid of their necks. Our company would want no better from them to charge on a Copperhead meeting somewhere in the North. The boys nearly all say they expect to serve a term in the penitentiary when they get home for they will be sure to take the scalp of the first one that insults them and they will do it too.
Well, Mag, I was told in a letter a short time ago that I need not be surprised if I heard of the Capt. coming home before long to get married. How it is? Have you had your trip to Meeting? We are still in the same place yet. Don’t know when we will move. We are camped in Lookout Valley. It is a very nice place and the people are most all loyal. Write soon. — J. E. S.
Letter 9
Camp 15th OVI Chattanooga, Tennessee November 12, 1863
Cousin Mag.,
Well, I guess we have nothing to do today so I will try and fill these two pieces of sheets with something. It is the best I can do for paper—everything is so scarce and no sutlers are allowed here at present. I had to beg this from the Christian Commission. We expect to be paid off in a day or two but the money won’t do us any good here as there is nothing here to sell that I want. Stewart Adams was badly mistaken when he said that we could get things cheaper here than we could at home. We can get most anything we want when the settlers are with us, but we have to pay about three times for nearly everything and I think Adams knew it very well.
Joe Dubois got back last Sunday evening. We’re looking for Captain Glover in a few days with some more recruits. We have got three new recruits for our company. The time for the big draft will soon come around and then I hope to see some of the men that voted for old Val[ladigham] brought out here to take our places. I think we have got enough rough man to train them by the time our term of service expires. But they may take Pence and Hinckley’s place and leave the country for their country’s good. I hope all such fellows will leave our neighborhood and never come back again. I wonder what Billy Meeks thinks of his Sergeant running off.
The railroad will not be open through before Christmas. The rebs still hold the point of Lookout Mountain but I don’t think they will hold it long. We’re getting some big guns into position to shell them off and the first thing they know, they will see something drop among them.
We have got nearly all the wood used up that is inside our lines and as the weather is cold, we will soon have to invite Bragg to move his pickets back and that I expect he will refuse to do. One thing we can do—we can move them back for him. I was over to the 98th [OVI] the other day. They are all well and getting along fine. They have a little more duty to do than they had some time ago. Johnson Hammond is getting some better. Rob got a letter the other day stating that Campbell and Phema Smith were to be married the next day. Who would have dreamed of the like?
Well, Mag, there is so little going on here now and we hear so little news that I don’t know hardly what to write. We have got easier times now than we had for a while. We had to work on the fort awhile yesterday. We spend most of our time trying to get something to eat and when we can get anything to stick to our fingers, it is more than likely to stick. We generally make out to have enough to eat between us. We got nearly half a bushel of corn last night. We made a big kettle of hominy day before yesterday and we have not got that all eat yet. We have a new way of making mush. We parch our corn before we grind it. We can save our crackers by eating corn. We get three-quarters rations now. The boats are running within two miles of here.
Rob had a letter from Craig Patterson yesterday. They are at Nashville and have been on half rations too but they have a chance to get anything they want. I suppose you are at Washington [Pennsylvania] now and I will direct this there. Write soon. Give all the news and how times are about Washington. As ever your cousin, — Joe E. Stewart
Letter 10
Cleveland, Tennessee Sunday, April 17, 1864
Cousin Maggie,
It is now 5 weeks since we left home and it is about time I was writing you a line. I hear that you have had the measles since you came home. I suppose you are well by this time and the rest are having their turn.
Well, I reckon the draft is over. I would like to know who is drafted. I want to hear of Bill Hinkle being drafted. We will soon hear how this draft went.
We have not joined the brigade yet. The 49th and us are by ourselves. We will join the brigade tomorrow. Our division passed through town yesterday and camped four miles below. I suppose you have heard of the railroad accident which happened to us while coming down from Loudon. Our wounded are all doing well. Some of them are doing better than we expected. I did not expect one or two of our boys to get well. I can hardly see how we all escaped being killed. It was the first scrape of the kind that I was ever in and I hope it will be the last. To take my choice, I would about as leave go into a battle. A railroad accident does not last long—it hardly gives a fellow time to think until it is all over.
Well, I reckon the next thing on the list will be a battle. The movements within the last few days go to show that something is in the wind more than common. But I don’t think we will have much trouble in whipping Joe Johnston’s Army. He is still at Dalton, Georgia. Deserters still continue to come in. Great numbers are coming in everyday. They give some very bad accounts of the condition of the rebel army. Some say they got but three-quarters of a pound of oat meal a day and poor stuff at that. Others say that the mountains are full of deserters afraid to come into our lines. Their officers tell them hard tales to keep them from deserting, and that if they knew the true state of affairs, one half of the army at Dalton would desert before three months. Others say that Johnston will not fight us at Dalton, but that is hard to tell. I think we will have a chance to test that matter in a few days, but I have no fears as to the result. We have force enough to any amount of men the rebels can scare up. The veteran regiments have nearly all returned and nearly all full.
We have had very cool weather for the last few days—a great deal cooler than I expected this season of the year in these parts. There was a very heavy frost last night and I expect has killed all the fruit. The fruit trees are all in full bloom. It will be rather a bad job if the fruit is all killed. We were making great calculations on a heavy crop this season—especially in the peach trees. But if all things go right, we will probably get home again by winter. It is the opinion of most everyone that the war will be over again fall, but I make no such calculations. If it is over in one year, it will be more than I expect. But it is hard to tell what may turn up between this and next Christmas. I expect to stay till it is over—if I live, let it last as long as it will.
News are so scare that I hardly know what to write. General Howard has taken command of our corps. He is a good man but I would rather have had McCook back again. Howard has but one arm. He lost his right arm in the Battle of Chancellorsville. Willich is in Cincinnati sick. He is not expected to get well. He has a cancer on the lip and went there to have it cut out.
Write soon. And if you go back to Washington [Pennsylvania], give my respects to Miss Lindsey. I would like to get that photo you promised me. I had a letter from Iowa a few days ago. They were all well. My love to you all. Ever your cousin, — Joe E. Stewart
Letter 11
In front of Atlanta, Georgia Monday, July 25, 1864
Dear Cousin Mag,
Yours of the 11th was received a few days since and as I have nothing to do, will try and see what I can do at writing. I have got the worst cold that I have had for a long time and don’t feel much like writing or doing anything else. The last two nights have been cold enough for frost and the days hot enough to roast eggs. Such weather is enough to give anybody a bad cold. And our sleep being so irregular makes it worse. We are on guard every night as we have but a single line where we are. We have to be on the lookout that the rebels don’t surprise us and break our lines.
We have the strongest works now that we have had on this campaign and if the rebels want to get their[selves] slaughtered, let them come. They will not find us asleep. Our position is about two miles north of the city. Our batteries can easily shell the city. The rebel batteries do us little or no damage. Their shots all pass over us.
On last Wednesday [See Battle of Peachtree Creek, 20 July] the rebels made an attempt to break our lines by massing on Hooker and Newton’s division of our corps. The assault was made by two corps and were handsomely repulsed with heavy loss, leaving nearly all their dead and wounded in our hands. Newton’s division lost but 94 men and brought 2400 of the rebel dead and wounded off this field besides what they carried off. Hooker’s loss was between 2 & 3,000. The rebel loss was very heavy. Hooker buried over 600 of their dead on the field. Some estimate their loss as high as 11,000; others at roughly 6000. There is no doubt but what it was very heavy. The rebel Lieut. General Hood was reported killed that day, but later reports say that he was but slightly wounded and that Stevenson was killed. Hood is in command of the rebel army now.
Another hard battle was fought on Friday [See Battle of Atlanta, 22 July]. The rebels thought to break our left wing by again massing on McPherson but their scheme again failed. The loss on both sides was very heavy. I am sorry to say the Major General McPherson was killed. But to balance that, Lieut. General Hardee is reported to be mortally wounded and a prisoner. The rebels left most of their dead and wounded in our hands. I did hear that one division of the 17th Corps buried 1000 dead rebels in their front. The entire rebel loss since we crossed the river is reported to be 25,000.
The rebels will no doubt do their very best to hold the city and to do so, Governor [Joseph E.] Brown has called on every man in the state that is able to walk to report immediately to Atlanta. The place is well fortified and all we want is a little time and Atlanta will be ours. We have had no fighting to do except a little skirmishing since we crossed the river. We have had some wounded in our company—one of them severe. Co. K had two killed, Co. B one killed and one wounded, Co. I one wounded. A shell burst among Willich’s staff the day we came here and wounded Lieut. Magrath and killed his horse. Lieut. Kaler’s horse was killed and fell on him, breaking one of his legs. One of our band boys was wounded while in bed asleep.
General [Lovell] Rousseau has just returned from a raid in the rebel rear. He reports 30 miles of the West Point railroad destroyed and bridge burned at West Point. Well done for Rousseau. One more raid and they will have no railroad communication at all and their supplies will be entirely cut off. I am anxious for Atlanta to fall for I have an idea that we will get some rest then and not till then.
I hear that Capt. McCoy has got a furlough and is coming home. From reports, they must have had a pretty hard time on their trip to Lynchburg. I would have liked very much to have attended the Sanitary Fair at Wheeling. I judge it was a nice affair from what I hear of it. We spent our Fourth [of July] in camp taunting the rebels with our bands. They don’t like our music a bit. Our bands play the National airs every evening and then the boys raise a cheer which is replied by a shower of musket balls from the rebel skirmish line.
Well, Mag, I am getting tired writing. Guess I will quit. Write soon. Tell Craig to write. Love to all. As ever your cousin — J. E. Stewart
Letter 12
Camp near Galesville, Alabama October 25, 1864
Dear Cousin Maggie,
Yours of September 28th was received some two weeks ago while at Kingston, Georgia, and I hope you will excuse me for not writing sooner as we have had no time at all for writing since then, and even now I will not promise you a very long or interesting letter. I have just finished a letter home. It is very warm and I am very lazy, but I will have to write some or get behind. I always try to answer my letters as soon as I can, but this trip has got me a little behind. I have three beside this to answer before I am up to time. We have had mail but twice since we left Atlanta but they were pretty big ones. I received seven letters in the two mails. We are looking for another one soon.
You say that you received my last letter while at the [Sanitary] Fair and that quite a number of compliments were passed on the writing by the ladies, but you will not tell me who they were. But if you don’t want to tell who they were, I am sure I don’t care. But did you tell them whose writing it was! I hear that Tom Taylor and Will Taggart have furnished substitutes. I would like to know where they got so much money. Joe Taggart was tickled almost to death to hear that Will was drafted. The cops must have furnished them the money to hire substitutes.
I was very much surprised to hear of Old Belmont being so far behind on the Union ticket, but probably the soldiers’ vote will make it all right yet. Our regiment gave Bingham 86 and White nary a vote. There is no doubt but what Bingham is elected, but I am afraid of the county ticket. Old Belmont must do better than that. We are all right for Old Abe anyhow, so let the county ticket go. The main dependence of the rebels now is on the election of McClellan, but I think if they have heard the late news from Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Indiana, they will no doubt give that up and will more than likely give up their cause as hopeless. I have no idea that they will try to hold out much longer.
The rebels have failed to do anything except destroy a little railroad (which did not amount to much) and they are on their way back south again. Their main object was to recapture Atlanta but in that they have failed. Atlanta is perfectly safe. Forrest has been driven clear out of Tennessee and across the river. He did not accomplish anything. I think they will certainly give up the idea now of making raids in our rear. How long we will lay in this place, none of us knows.
The 98th [OVI] are laying close to us. [They] have just got back from a trip to Florence. The news from Sheridan of late are good. It was reported here that Longstreet had attacked Sheridan and was repulsed—driven five miles, losing 50 pieces of artillery, and 1,600 prisoners. I hope the news are true.
We are now getting but half rations and have to forage for the rest. One good thing—we are in a good foraging country. We have been getting all the sweet potatoes we could eat, but they are about played [out] now. We commenced drilling again yesterday. Have two hours drill each day. The drill however don’t amount to much. We put it in as easy as possible.
I am in hopes we will leave this place soon for I would much rather go on the march in such a country as this than be laying in camp. While on the march, we can get all the forage we want. But when we stop in camp, it does not take long to clear the country out. I hear that Capt. McCoy is about to be promoted to major. I did not think that he would stay in the service this long. I suppose John will get a commission pretty soon. Well, it is about drill time, so I will quit. Write soon and often to your cousin, — Joe E. S.
Letter 13
Sulphur Trestle, Alabama January 12th 1865
Cousin Maggie,
It has been a long long time since I received your letter and I presume you have almost given up. But I hope you will excuse me as I have had but few opportunities of writing since we left Nashville. At present, we are detached from the regiment. Our company is all that is at this place. Four other companies are down the road two miles. We are here to guard the workmen while building the trestle bridge. We relieved the 44th Colored Regiment. But worst of all was leaving our winter quarters at Huntsville. We had fixed up good quarters and were about fixed for living. But to our disappointment, we were waked up at 4 o’clock yesterday morning with orders to move at half past 5 o’clock. T’was then the general inquiry, “where are we going?” but no one could tell farther than that we were going on the cars. But after marching into town, we found that we were coming here.
We stopped in Athens last night and had a good place to stay. We expect to move to Elk River when this bridge is done. We can’t tell when we will return to the regiment again but it will not be for two or three weeks at least. I would be very well satisfied if they would let us stay here all winter. Somebody will have to guard the bridges after they are up and it might as well be us as anyone else.
We have boys out now foraging for us. We have almost quit eating government rations now and are living off the country. I was out one day at Huntsville and brought in three large shoulders and one ham. The boys are out for meat, flour, and chickens today. The only disadvantage we will have here will be getting our mail from the regiment. I don’t know when we can send mail away but I will have this ready for the first opportunity. Joe DuBois has returned; also the Chaplain with the mittens.
Well, I suppose Dave and Mary have gone to housekeeping by this time. I hear that there is to be some more weddings in the neighborhood soon and I would like to know who they are. You seem to be spited at not being invited to Dave’s wedding but don’t fret, you will probably have a chance to spite them sometime. You ask me if I won’t invite you to my wedding. I can only say that it depends altogether upon circumstances.
From last accounts, Hood was in Mississippi and still retreating. Our cavalry have captures his pontoons, 300 wagons, 2 pieces of artillery, and 300 prisoners since he crossed the Tennessee River. Nothing but the shoals saved the capture of his whole army. Our gunboats could not operate on the shoals to prevent his crossing. The late news from all parts of our army are very encouraging. I see in the papers that Sherman is already on the move from Savannah and I suppose Charleston is his destination. I can hear nothing at all lately from Grant’s army but am satisfied that he is not idle. He will catch them napping one of these days and will have Richmond before they know it. I would like first rate to be with Sherman, but we will probably have a chance yet of going to the coast in the direction of Mobile.
Rob had a letter from Jim a few days ago. I am glad to hear that they all got through safe. I’ll bet they had good times marching through Georgia. Well, I don’t know that I have anything more to write at present. Write soon and I will try and answer soon. Love to all. As Ever, your affectionate cousin, — Joe E. Stewart
Letter 14
Camp Green Huntsville, Alabama February 20th 1865
Cousin Mag,
Yours of the 4th was received a few days since. Something must be wrong for yours is the only letter either Rob or I have received from home for three weeks. My last letter from home was written on the 21st of January. There has been no little grumbling with the mails of late. I have received but three letters in this month. Now is when I would like to get the most letters—while laying in camp as we are now. I could write a letter every day and I would like to get one every day or so.
I suppose you heard at home that our division had gone to Eastport, Mississippi. We did start. Got to Nashville and were ordered back again. Since returning to camp, we have had but very little to do. We are well fixed—have plenty to eat and what more could we ask? We are now having most beautiful spring weather such as is seldom ever seen in the North this season of the year. You speak of having so much snow and good sleighing and I suppose you took the good of it. We have not had enough snow here all put together to run a sleigh. We may have a little more cool weather but the rough of the winter is past. It gets so warm about noon that I scarcely know what to do to put in the time. I get too lazy to read. The nights are very pleasant.
We had a Mr. Weaver to preach for us yesterday. He took for his text the5th-6th verses of the 137th Psalm and a better sermon I have not heard for a long time. His text suited the times so well and I could not help but think of the many days where we together with our fathers, mothers, brothers, and sisters went up to the sanctuary and united our voices in the songs of Zion. We have built a chapel for the regiment and meet every evening for worship and on Wednesday eve for prayer meeting. But I am afraid that we will not get to enjoy these good times long. There is a rumor today that we will go to Knoxville in a day or two. The main portion of Dick Taylor’s army is lying to the east and I suppose we will move in that direction to prevent him from getting into E. Tennessee.
There was also another report that peace had been declared but I don’t suppose there was any foundation for the report at all. We are getting but very little news now. About all we can see in the papers is that Sherman is still on the move through South and North Carolina. I expect soon to hear that Charleston and Wilmington are ours. It is rumored that Mobile is evacuated. I am of the opinion that the rebels are only holding on now to get a chance to make their exit out of the Confederacy. I believe it is the intention of Jeff and the leading rebels to leave the country as soon as they can and when they are safe in some foreign country, then all will be ours.
There has been so much talk of peace lately that I am wishing more and more for peace everyday. Oh how I would like to hear an order read this evening on dress parade from Secretary Stanton that peace had been declared on our own terms. But I am afraid that when peace is made here, that we will have a little job in Mexico before we can get to go home and I believe most all are willing to go to Mexico awhile and give the French a good cleaning out. But for my part, when this trouble is ended, I want to end my life as a soldier and settle down in peace and quietness.
You say that you were on a visit down to Mr. D’s in that R is all right? Of course she is. Did you ever know her to be any other way? She will be quite lonely when Jane leaves her but I guess she is old enough to stay by herself a while. Well, Meg, we will have a little drill in a few minutes and I must close and get this ready for the office. I expected to hear of some more weddings before this time, but probably they’re all waiting to see whether they will be drafted or not. Write soon. Give all the news. Love to all. Good bye. As ever your cousin — Joe E. Stewart
Spared & Shared 23 