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My passion is studying American history leading up to & including the Civil War. I particularly enjoy reading, transcribing & researching primary sources such as letters and diaries.
76th Illinois Infantry

1862: Amos Wilson Elliott to His Family

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The following letters were written by Amos Wilson Elliott (1841-1891), the son of Thomas Mathew Elliott (1799-1881) and Anna Wilson (1808-1893) of Ford county, Illinois.

Amos enlisted as a private in July 1862 at Paxton, Illinois, in Co. K, 76th Illinois Infantry (the “Kankakee Regiment”). His service entry information gives his birthplace as Morgan county, Ohio. He was described as a 5 foot 8 inches tall, dark-haired, blue-eyed, married farmer. He was married to Eliza Jane (“Jennie”) Hinkle (1843-1880) on 5 August 1862 just after his enlistment but two weeks before he mustered in.

For the next three years the young men of the 76th Illinois Infantry would fight in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama. Of the 1,008 soldiers who left Kankakee on 22 August 1862, 259 would not come home: 52 men died in battle and 207 succumbed to disease.

Amos served three years with the regiment and mustered out on 5 May 1865 at Memphis, Tennessee. Serving with him in the same company was his brother-in-law, Simon Peter Mitchell (1837-1915), the husband of Sarah Elliott (1838-1883).

This image of members of the 76th Illinois was posted by Tom Travis on Civil War Faces Facebook Page in February 2015. It was taken in 1864 in Mississippi.

Letter 1

Bolivar, Tennessee
Tuesday, October 7, 1862

Dear Brother,

I am sitting all alone in our tent. I will write you a few lines to let you know that I have not forgotten you. We have got a nice camp here—good water and nice shade. We have some pretty good boys in our regiment.

When we were at Columbus, we captured a barrel of apples and along the road, when the train would stop, we would get off and if we found a secessionist, you better think their fruit had to suffer. The boys took a lot of bee hives and anything we could get our hands on.

Thomas, I want you to let me know how you are a getting along with work, how sugar cane turns out, and a 1000 and one things which I don’t think of. Tell me whether there is any drafting yet or not. I am well and hope this will find you well. Write soon. — Amos Elliott

Hannah, I will write a few lines to [you] to let you know that I still think about you. I hope you will try and be as cheerful as you can under the present state of things. I hope you will not forget to pray for me.

Simon would write but he has not got time but we would like to hear from you every once in awhile. Curl Bill was very anxious to know whether you got his letter or not. Please write and let me know how you are getting on.

James Edgar wants you and Jennie to go and see his wife as often as you can. No more at present. — Amos Elliott

Letter 2

Addressed to Miss Hannah J. Elliott, Paxton, Ford county, Illinois
from Amos Elliott, 76th Illinois Vols., Co. K, Lagrange, Tennessee

Bolivar, Tennessee
November 2nd 1862

Well, Jane, as I don’t have to go out on inspection this morning and don’t know of anything else that I can amuse myself at half so well, I will talk a while to you. Well, Jane, I would like to go to [ ‘s] school house to Sunday school this morning but it is a most too far for me to go so I will have to content myself as usual at seeing the same old story over and over again. Sunday is the most busiest day we have in the week. There is no respect paid to the Sabbath here unless it is to do about as much again labor as we do on week days. And I think that is a poor way of keeping the Sabbath day holy. But war knows no Sabbath. One day here is just the same as another.

Well, Jane, I guess as how I would like to kiss you a few, I fancy I see you fly round the cane mill and when old Sam throws his head up, me thinks I hear you squeal. How I would like to draw a great gob of taffy around that long neck of yours and then to cap the climax, kiss you in the mouth, and then to put the cap-sheaf on for me and Jennie and you, and all the rest of us to have a good old fashion time singing in our note books.

Jane, I want you to not neglect your music any more than you can help for there is nothing so charming as vocal music. We have lots of music here but I have got awful tired of it so you may guess that it is not worth much, I would not give that little golden chain which is headed with O that will joyful be for all the music I have heard since I came to camp.

No more, but remember me to sister Hannah. Goodbye for this time, — Amos Elliott

Dear brother Thomas Matthew Elliott,

We got your letter yesterday. I was glad to hear from you once more. You said you was getting alone rather slow but from what you said you had got done, I think you are getting along pretty well for no more half than you have had. You said you had 88 shocks of corn cut up and 9 barrels of molasses made and lots of cane round the mill. Tommy, how I would like to help you pull some of that nice wax. When you get done making molasses, tell me how much you have altogether. Tell me what produce is worth at the City of Paxton.

Tommy, work Old Sam well and feed him good and you will have a nice horse to sleigh ride with this winter. Just make him get up and brindle. No more at present. Thomas, don’t forget them notes for when I come home, I want you to learn me a lot of new tunes. — Amos Elliott

Phebe A. Elliott,

Well, Phebe, the first thing I would say to if (if I had chance) would be to kiss you (that would be funny) as little Tom says. I must go to dinner. Goodbye.

Phebe, dinner is over. It did not take me very long to eat for I have got the headache some today and I did not feel much like eating so I made a short job of it. Tell Henrietta that if I had a chance, I’d kiss her so quick she would laugh, I’ll bet. Hettie I want you to keep a good kiss for me when I come home. We’ll have a good time.

No more. Hettie, remember your Uncle, — Amos Elliott—and be a good girl and obey grandmother.

Letter 3

Lagrange, Tennessee
November 13th [1862]

Dear Sister Hank,

Sitting by the roots of an old oak tree with a tin pan on my knee, you would find somebody about as big as me trying to write to thee/ Well, Jane, I got your letter yesterday. Was glad to hear from you once more. I am well and hearty with the exception of a slight cold and my old pain in my breast.

I got here Tuesday about 7 p.m. Yesterday I was about camp all day. We have a very nice situation here but how long we will remain here I don’t know nor I don’t care for the oftener we move the more of the world I will get to see (and the more niggers too). It seems to me that there is about three times as many darkeys here as white men, I was going to say, but I believe they are all secesh for they all look so mean, as though they would like to crawl through an auger hole and hide themselves (I wish they would).

Jane, there is lots of troops here. I will not pretend to say how many but I have been told that there was camp thick for five miles round and they are so thick here that they can be stirred with a stick (that’s funny).

Jennie said that school was going to commence pretty soon. I would like to know who is a going to teach for you this winter. I expect it will be Jesse Butting (ain’t it?) Well, if it ain’t him, it is somebody else. Ain’t I good at guessing.

Well, Jane, you must be quite a hostler. Well I am glad to hear of your boldness for you was an awful coward when I left you.

Sarar, Simon is well and in fine spirits and always ready for duty. I don’t believe you would hardly know him. He is getting as fat as a China pig and his eye is almost well. They look better now that I ever saw them before.

Jane, write often as you can for I love to read letters from home. Tell me all the news and what the general opinion is about the war up in Ford county. I must close for this time so goodbye, Jane, for this time. — Amos Elliott

Remember me to a thrown of grace for I feel that I need your prayers.

Letter 4

City Hospital
Vicksburg, Mississippi
January 21, 1864

My Dear Sister,

I avail myself the opportunity of replying to yours of the 12th inst. Yours was read with great satisfaction. I am glad to hear of your good times, Jennie spoke of the protracted meeting before it had commenced. I have been thinking a great deal about our neighborhood here of late, thinking how I should like to be up there to go to the protracted meeting but I could not. I am glad to learn of the revival. The Lord in mercy has visited His people in that vicinity. How i would enjoy to go at one of the prayer and class meetings. The last one I was at there, we had a happy time. There was but few of usm but the Lord was with us. I’ll never forget that meeting. I often think of it. I like [to] reflect on those happy days. I know I did not improve the privileges I enjoyed as I ought to have done. I never knew how to appreciate the blessing I enjoyed. But since I have been deprived of them, I feel the importance of improving the time and I am very glad to hear that you have had such general revival of religion in your neighborhood, My prayer is that they may be kept faithful and improve the precious blood-bought privileges they enjoy while your brother is in defense of our country, protecting the blessed privileges you enjoy.

I desire especially to be remembered in your prayers. I greatly need them. You little know what difficulties I have to contend with. I meet with temptations on every hand. I hope you will all pray for me that I may prove victorious. Sister, I know from the very tone of your letter the Lord has blessed you. Thank the Lord. Thought He afflicts us, it is for our good. Your affliction has no doubt been sanctified to your good. Let us put our trust in Him in all circumstances and condition life.

It does me good to hear that Deacon and wife have joined. I think it will prove a blessing to the neighborhood. And Mr. Flag and lady, and Mr. Montgomery’s wife. Oh that will be a happy neighborhood—all united in the sacred bonds of Christian love.

I must close. You did not say anything especially of Jennie or any of the rest but I suppose they are all well, The last letter I got from Jennie was written the 28th of December, I got it the 7th of January so it hs been two weeks since I have heard from her. Maybe you will say that is not long. It isn’t very long but when I have been used to getting about two a week, then come down to nary one in two weeks, it seems like a good while. But a boat came down last night [and] I expect I’ll get a letter this evening. (I am sitting up. It is now after midnight.)

I heard from the company yesterday. They are all well. I have not seen Sion for near two weeks. The regiment is under marching orders. The troops of this Army Corps are all under marching orders. They are now very busy fighting out the train turning over, broken ambulances, and worn-out mules, and training new ones. Doubtless there are a general move pending. As to out destination, I don’t pretend to say. I only hope I shall be well and hearty so I may enjoy the trip. I am still here doing a little when I am able. I think I am gaining. I hope this may find you all well. Write a few lines whenever you can. It is always received [with] pleasure. Your affectionate brother, — Amos Elliott

Letter 5

Camp 76th Illinois Infantry
Morganzia Bend, Louisiana
August 10th, 1864

Dear Sister,

Yours of July 25th reached me the 7th inst. and was read with increasing interest. It had been some time since I had heard from you (or any of our family). I am glad to inform you I still enjoy usual health which I appreciate as a great blessing. Health is truly a blessing in any circumstance of life but it seems to be a greater blessing to one situated as I am now. Hope this may find you all well.

Yesterday the news came to Division Headquarters that Fort Gaines and Powell [in Mobile Bay] are ours with 46 field officers, two gunboats, a large number of private prisoners. On the arrival of the news, the General ordered a salute of 30 rounds to be fired. The firing took place about 3 p.m. Simon and I and others were on picket. We knew good news had been received but did not know what it was so you may imagine our anxiety till this morning [when] we were relieved [from picket] and came in when we learned the particulars.

There is still some Rebs here yet. Last Saturday, three of our cavalry pickets were captured & one killed. Sunday evening the 76th with other regiments both of infantry and cavalry went reconnoitering [and] returned last night. [They] brought in 20 graybacks. The main force is thought to have fallen back but still they keep out a pretty heavy picket & scouting parties so they bother our picket & occasionally take off some of our boys. But we get more of them than they do of us.

This is a lonely place here from the fact we don’t get mail regular. By referring to your map, you will find where the low line crosses the river, we are 12 miles below that—right where the river makes the bend on a plantation (which was formerly owned by Morganzia. Tis settled ow by the French or rather what is called Creoles who claim English protection and claim to be neutral but in my opinion are the meanest traitors there is anywhere about. They are a hard specimen of humanity—not fit to live under the protection of the Stars and Stripes. But here they are. As they have several cows, hogs, chickens, and other property, our General has given them each one a guard to protect their property. These men have milk to sell 30 cents a quart. We’ve been living on hard tack, meat, coffee (only half rations of that) for two weeks. So [when] we was on picket, we concluded to have some milk to take with our hard tack. We got a pint for 15 cents. It went first rate so we concluded the next morning to have some more milk. As we expected to be relieved pretty early, we went up to the house right early to get the milk, [but] nobody was up except the cows. As we hated to disturb their slumbers, we just walked in quietly, got what milk we wanted & left without disturbing them (like gentlemen). We also got a chicken apiece in the same manner so we feasted that day on what is generally called with us, “Mrs. Lincoln Pudding,” made of crackers. Next morning had fried chicken for breakfast after the old style which was delicious beyond description. We ate hearty and talked of home adn old times.

I received a letter from Jennie dated 25 ult. the same day as yours.

Well, Jane, as I said before, I’ve not much news to write. You spoke of Mother being sick. I hope you or some one of the folks will write soon as I am anxious to hear from all. There are several of the boys sick. Lieut. Dille has been rather poorly for some days but is getting better. Lieut. is liked much better than he used to be. He cares for the welfare of the boys and is doing about the fair thing. I notice a vast difference in him since the little fight we were in near Jackson. There, officers and men were all on a level. Best men hugged the ground the closest—Brigadiers and all. The boys all seem to think more of each other than they did before. Dille lay on my right side in action. He had some close calls as well as some of the rest. I can’t see how we escaped as well as we did. I am thankful I came off so well.

Jane, I hope you will ever pray for me. I realize a great need of being ever found prepared for death at any moment. We have a great deal of duty to do now. I have not much time. I make it a rule to read what spare time I have or sing some old song we used to delight in singing so well. Hoping to hear again soon, I close ever remaining your affectionate brother, — A. W. Elliott

to Hannah J. Elliott

Letter 6

Washington Hospital
[Memphis, Tennessee]
February 5, 1865

My dear sister,

Yours of the 25th ult. came duly to hand. I was glad to hear from the folks generally and specially from Jennie. I have heard nothing from Jennie since the 8th of January (directly) & that reached me via New Orleans the 30th ult.

I have deferred writing thinking surely by this to have had some word from home (Jennie). But this gloomy morning I am still without a cheering word either from home or Jennie. I have not been so well as usual for some three days, yet am able to [get] around. I don’t seem to build up as fast as I thought to when I last wrote you. The [weather] has been very disagreeable for some time past.

Your explanation of why home does not seem like home to you is very plain & natural that you should talk so. You now know what it is to be deprived of a brother as you now have none to be with as you always used to have. You will join me in saying one doesn’t know the worth of a true friend till once deprived of them. This I have found to be true.

The branches of study you mention I them all very necessary. I hope you may gain the mastery which I am sure you will in a reasonable length of time. I will close hoping this may find you well. Ever your affectionate brother, — Amos

To Jane

I will write Jennie & send with this. You will please forward immediately.

Texas Refugee

1864: William Crutcher to William Oscar Crutcher

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William Crutcher’s Gravestone

This letter was written by William Crutcher (1814-1876), a commercial merchant operating out of Vicksburg under the name “Crutcher & Co.” at the time the Civil War began. William and his wife, Emma Cora Pike (1819-1863) were married in 1835 at Nashville and by the Civil War, the couple had seven living children—some of who are mentioned in this letter; Mary Elizabeth Crutcher (1841-1873), the wife of Robert Jefferson Miller (1838-1874); Sarah (“Sallie”) Dumimon Crutcher (1854-1879); and Annie Charlotte Crutcher (1856-1949). William’s first wife died in February 1863 and he had not yet married his second wife which explains why he does not mention his wife—only “his children” or “his family.”

William lost one son early in the Confederate Service. George Charles Crutcher (1843-1861) died of disease at Manassas while a private in Co. A, 21st Mississippi Infantry.

William wrote this letter to his eldest son, William Oscar Crutcher (1838-1866) who raised his own company of men in 1861 known as the “King Cotton Guards” which eventually became identified as Co. E, 48th Mississippi Infantry. Capt. Crutcher survived the war but died shortly afterward.

From this letter we learn that William took his family from Vicksburg to San Antonio, Texas, for their safety and in hopes of finding gainful employment until the war ended.

[Note: This letter is from the personal collection of Greg Herr and was transcribed and published on Spared & Shared by express consent.]

Transcription

San Antonio
June 26, 1864
Sunday afternoon

My son,

Since I last wrote you, Mary received your letter of the 22nd May by Lieut. Elliott from which I learn that you were well and judge from the tone that you are pretty well satisfied with your command and situation though at the same time you do not speak very favorably of your discipline or order of your men. Now, my son, I have been greatly uneasy and solicitous about this very matter on your account for I have had much fear that you might not find such company as I would like for you to mix and mingle with for rest assured the greatest anxiety I have is about your morals and religious life, for if we are ever so successful in this war and gain our independence on the most favorable terms, if our young men on whom will depend the management both moral and political should become corrupt in morals and religion and have not a proper sense of duty to God and their country, we have not then even gained anything.

And allow me my dear boy again to admonish you to let not the influence of wicked and vicious men sway you in the least but cleave to that which is virtuous, truthful, and moral in all its tendencies. May God keep you is my prayer.

I notice that you request Mary to send you a comb which I will request her to do by first safe opportunity and will request Willie and Mary to live on or do business with. I have made up my mind to return on the other side of the Mississippi river as I have no way to make a support for my family and I go back with the hope that I may be able to invest what Confederate money I have in tobacco that I can bring over this side so I can get some coin, or if this cannot be done, I must invest in something and leave it as I cannot stay over there while my children are on this side and I must therefore come back. But I shall not get back under 5 to 8 months, or sometime next winter.

I expect to leave for Shreveport on next Wednesday and from thence to Alabama. Mr. [Robert Jefferson] Miller wishes and I expect will go with me but he has been waiting for a furlough from Maj. Giddings 1 which has not yet reached him and he is at a loss to know how to act but as he is very anxious to go with me, I think he will go and trust to be talked up. I shall have a very hot and long ride, I know, but a sense of duty to my children impels me onward.

My son, write me and the family here can read it and forward it which I hope I may receive and I enjoin upon you to write to some of the family often and keep them well advised of your situation and whereabouts.

Willie will leave this week for Loredo although I fear he is hardly able to go and I wish very much that while he is in such feeble health that I could remain with him so as to take the drudgery off of him as it is important in order to support the family to keep his wagons running. Annie wishes me to say to you that little Willie was baptized today in the church by Mr. Thompson and she sends love to you. Sallie wishes to know of you if you have a Bible with you. Write to her upon this subject and encourage her in the deep solicitude and anxiety she has for you. She certainly is a very affectionate sister and daughter and nothing she could not do or sacrifice that she would not do for her Father, brothers or sisters. And too, my son, you are blessed in a dear sister (Mary) for her heart is deeply and warmly engaged for you but really we all are for our soldier boy now fighting for our defense and protection.

You have our prayers that you may be a good and honored soldier and that God may protect you and bear you safely through and soon be able to return to the bosom of your family.

I know but little that is going on about this city and therefore has no news. The news from the other side of the [Mississippi] river is still good although General Lee has fallen back to Richmond or where the Battle of the Seven Pines were fought, but all are hopeful. It is said that Johnston has whipped Sherman but the particulars we have not gotten. All join in much love. Affectionately your Father, — William Crutcher

My kind regards to John, Alex, and Mr. J. Little and Nash when you see him. Yours, — W. C.

1 I believe this was George Henry Giddings (1823-1902), who was the brother of Charles Wesley Giddings, my g-g-grandfather’s brother-in-law.

3rd Rhode Island Heavy Artillery

1863: Martin Stoddard James to Edwin Metcalf

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The following letter was written by Martin Stoddard James (1841-1910), the son of John M. James (1816-1853) and Eunice Albee White (1813-1881) of Providence, Rhode Island.

I could not find an image of Martin but here is one of John M. Barker who served as Capt. of Co. D, 3rd Rhode Island Heavy Artillery (The Horse Soldier)

20 year-old Martin was mustered into service on 20 August 1861 and commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant in Co. A of the 3rd Rhode Island Heavy Artillery. He was appointed post adjutant in January 1862 and was placed on detached service on General Terry’s staff until August 1863. He was promoted to 1st Lieutenant in late December 1862 and to Captain of Co. C in November 1863. A biographical sketch claims that he took part in the engagements at Pocotaligo, Morris Island, Fort Sumter, Fort Wagner, Olustee, Drury’s Bluff, Laurel Hill, Fort Burnham, and Petersburg. In the last five engagements, Co. C was the only battery present of the regiment. He is further credited with leading the dismantling of the rebel works around Richmond after the city fell. His only wound came at Laurel Hill where he received a hip wound.

A Note from the Siege of Petersburg Online: This unit is incorrectly designated as Battery C of the Third Rhode Island “Light” Artillery in the June organizational tables in the Official Records and possibly elsewhere, but there was no 3rd Regiment of Light Artillery for the state of Rhode Island.  The correct designation is Battery C of the Third Rhode Island Heavy Artillery.  It would appear from the official report of operations on October 7, 1864, linked to near the bottom of this page, that company C was acting as light artillery.  The designation used in the report is “Light Company C, 3rd Rhode Island Artillery.”

[Note: This letter is from the personal collection of Greg Herr and was transcribed and published on Spared & Shared by express consent.]

Transcription

Headquarters Light Battery C, 3rd Rhode Island Artillery
Kiawah Island, South Carolina
December 16th 1863

Col. E. Metcalf
Commanding 3rd Rhode Island Artillery

Sir, on the 5th inst. I reported to you by letter the loss of three of my company. I have understood that it was not received so I have made an official report to Lieut. Gorton. I have this very day succeeded in getting the Battery fully equipped. The men are all supplied with clothing. I have drawn red saddle blankets for the entire battery which will improve the appearance very much. I have had the harnesses all cleaned and oiled, new nose bags, &c. &c.

The battery is to be inspected next Saturday and I expect to make a fine appearance. I shall make application for the appointment of new non-commissioned officers soon.

I was delayed by the storm at Hilton Head until Monday night. Had I anticipated staying so long, I should have visited Fort Pulaski with Major Metcalf. I was very successful in drawing ordnance stores. Everything proved to be of an excellent quality.

I should be very happy to parade my battery for your inspection, should you visit this vicinity. I hope you will not slight Light Co. C.

With great respect, I am your obedient servant, — Martin S. James, Capt. 3rd Rhode Island Artillery, Commanding Light Co. C.

Abbott Lawrence, Daniel Webster, Oregon Question

1841: Daniel Webster to Mr. Cogswell

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Daniel Webster (LOC)

The following brief letter was penned by Daniel Webster (1782-1852)—the great American statesman and Senator from Massachusetts—in early February 1841. While officially still a senator at the time, Daniel had already been offered the first cabinet post as Secretary of State in the newly elected Whig administration of William Henry Harrison. He accepted the post at a critical time as the tensions between the United States and England had grown to a feverish pitch over the disputed boundary between the two countries in the rapidly developing Oregon Territory. Webster’s appointment had an immediate calming effect on the American population but he knew the matter could not be resolved without lengthy diplomatic negotiations. In fact it would take another five years before the Oregon Treaty set the border at the 49th parallel.

Abbot Lawrence was among the most important merchants, industrialists, and philanthropists of his day. He is credited as the founder of New England’s influential textile industry. In the later 1830s, Lawrence served as a Member of the US House of Representatives from Massachusetts where he had been a prominent leader of the Whigs and was particularly supportive of Henry Clay and his fight for internal improvements. He decided not to run for another term for Congress, citing poor health, but he remained active and influential in his party and weighed in on important issues such as the Oregon Boundary question.

In this letter, Lawrence appears to have written an article on the Boundary question that Webster must have endorsed as he supported Mr. Cogswell’s proposal to distribute the article more widely.

After President Harrison’s death and during the Tyler Administration while Webster continued as Secretary of State, a feud developed between Webster and Lawrence that would probably cost Webster the Presidential nomination of 1844.

I can’t be certain of the identity of Cogswell—the recipient of this letter, but I assume he was either an editor or possibly a state politician in Massachusetts.

Transcription

Washington
February 3, 1841

Dear Sir,

I think the distribution of Mr. Lawrence’s article, in the way proposed by you, would be very useful. I fear a good deal of trouble yet on this Boundary question.

Yours truly, — Daniel Webster

Mr. Cogswell

1st Mississippi Light Artillery

1861: Montgomery Withers Boyd to Cyrus S. Knapp

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This letter was written by Montgomery Withers Boyd (1818-1886) who offered his services as an Acting Assistant Surgeon at Warrington, Escambia county, Florida (near Pensacola). For a time he was attached to Capt. Frank Kerr’s Battery at Fort McRae, Pensacola. And then early in 1862 he was appointed “Surgeon” of the 1st Mississippi Light Artillery. Boyd was an 1843 graduate of Transylvania University Medical Department at Lexington. He traveled to California in the Gold Rush of 1849 and was enumerated at Placercille, El Dorado county in December 1850. By 1853 he had moved to Jackson, Hinds county, Mississippi.

During the siege of Vicksburg, Dr. Boyd was taken prisoner near Snyder’s Bluff and held captive as a spy. After the city was surrendered, Grant dismissed the charge but held him in exchange for two of his assistant surgeons left with the sick in Jackson, Mississippi.

After the war, Dr. Boyd went to live in Brazil for a time but eventually returned to Jackson, Mississippi, where he died in 1886.

Dr. Boys wrote the letter to Dr. Cyrus S. Knapp (1822-1873), a New York native who relocated to Jackson, Mississippi, a decade before the war to set up his dental practice.

What’s most interesting in Boyd’s letter is his proposal to recruit a band of guerrillas with equipment and tactics quite similar to what General Mosby would later propose and carry out in Virginia.

[Note: This letter is from the personal collection of Greg Herr and was transcribed and published on Spared & Shared by express consent.]

Anxious to strike a blow at the Yanks (Wilson’s Zouaves) encamped on Santa Rosa Island, a surprise night attack was launched on 9 October 1861 by some 1500 rebels who were ferried over on three large steamers.

Transcription

Warrington, Florida
July 9th 1861

Dr. C. S. Knapp
Jackson, Mississippi

My dear sir, you know that I received a letter a long time ago from you and feeling that in writing to a friend, I had no right to bore him with a batch of nonsense such as I will be compelled to use on the present occasion, but that something must be written either to amuse or interest. I will very frankly say that I have no materials from which to construct a passably decent letter.

Each day adds something in the ennui of camp life where nothing much is expected to be done either by ourselves or by the enemy. They are afraid to attack and we cannot get at them. They have a large force and besides are strongly entrenched, and the whole of the lower end of Santa Rosa Island is but a continuous mine of powder and ball.

Now, you see partially our condition. I am at present acting in the line of my profession and am placed with an Independent Battalion of Georgia Volunteers commanded by Major Villepeigne—one of the very best officers of the old U. S. Army and for 6 years a preceptor at West Point and a native of South Carolina.

There are some rumors of an immediate fight but there have been so many that I am loathe to put any trust in them. I have had a notion of giving up my position and going on to Richmond and get the power to raise a small company of 30 or 45 men to be mounted and armed with double barreled shotguns, a sabre, and two Navy revolvers, and to be independent of any Division, Brigade, or Regiment, and never to go into the field with more than 15 men to act as guerrillas and never to permit a sentry or picket to live his two hours out if he is in any reasonable distance of my encampment. If permitted to raise this company, I will go on the border and will bargain to kill for every 30 days, 450 men, and I will not be satisfied with any less. If I get the consent of the President to do so, I will go to Kentucky and get the finest horses that can be procured and the best men that ever mounted a horse in any one company.

Lewis Burk left for Montgomery with his grandfather on Saturday. Frank Kerr was ordered to East Bay some two weeks ago—40 miles east—and returned three days ago. He expected to fight but didn’t [and] is now attached to Col. Smith’s regiment and therefore out of the artillery service. Bob Purdom has been at my quarters for about two weeks a little sick—requiring a terrible effort to avoid typhoid fever. Has succeeded and he is now well but weak.

The Mississippians are generally well. The weather is hot. Mosquitoes abundant. Fruit & vegetables scarce &c. Paper out. Remember me kindly to Mrs. Knapp and kiss all the babies for me. Truly your friend, — M. W. Boyd

P.S. Please write soon and often.

148th Pennsylvania Infantry

1864: Henry B. Hillegass to his Lady Friend

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Henry’s Headstone in Spinnertown, Pennsylvania, with a ghost image of David Polliard who served with him in Co. K, 148th Pennsylvania Infantry

The following letter was written by Henry B. Hillegass (1840-1914) who served as a private in Co. K, 148th Pennsylvania Infantry. Henry was the son of George Hillegass (1816-1889) and Lydia Frey (1813-1842) of Lehigh county, Pennsylvania. Just prior to his enlistment in August 1862, Henry was residing in Quakertown, Bucks county, Pennsylvania.

The 148th Pennsylvania was wrapped in glory at Gettysburg where they fought in the Wheatfield on 2 July 1863.

Henry was shot in the left leg on 10 May 1864 at Po River and at the time of this letter in November of that year, he was still recuperating in a Washington D. C. Hospital. He was not officially discharged from the service until 25 June 1865.

Henry wrote the letter to his lady friend but he never refers to her by name. She was, presumably, Susanna Catharine Blanck whom he married in 1865 and with whom he had at least five children. They lived out their days in Spinnertown, Bucks county, PA, where Henry retired from his job as a cigar maker.

Transcription

Lincoln Hospital B. B.
Washington
November 9, 1864

My dear and affectionate love,

I take the present opportunity today to drop a few lines to you informing you that I am well at the present time and I hope and pray that these few lines may find you in the same state of good health and that you may enjoy yourself with pleasure wherever you are.

My dear, I inform you that I enjoy myself not very well at the present time for it is very lonesome here where I am. But I don’t expect to stay here long. I may stay a few weeks here. I expect they will transfer me to my own state and I expect to come home this winter sometimes—maybe before long. They are talking to leave them all home what wasn’t at home [for] the election.

My dear, I inform you that I expect Old Abe will be reelected again for the President for I have received the paper this morning and it gives a great account for Old Abraham Lincoln.

And my dear true love, I inform you about a little of war [news] that I have received by a letter from the army yesterday that they have had another battle again and it was stated that one third of our Corps was captured. If you have heard from Daniel M. Gersch, write to me if he is alive yet or not.

My dear, I inform you that my leg is recovering and commenced to heal again. You need not be afraid that I wouldn’t be able to walk. My legs gets so sound than ever it was. I am walking around with a cane at the present time. I hope you won’t get angry about me. I am as true to you as ever and I hope you be the same to me. We will have once the happy time which we have now sorrow if we keep our health and don’t be parted from each other. I remember you as long as I live and I hope you do the same to remember me.

It is not long anymore that I have to serve in this cruel war. The time goes fast around now. Then I hope to meet you in love if you don’t part from me. Then our heart and hand may be joined together to part not until death. And then I hope to have a long and happy life with each other.

My dear, I inform you if Edward Payne is at home, tell him that he shall come [at] once and see me if he comes out again. I expect he is at home at the present election.

— Mr. Henry B. Hillegess

28th Virginia Infantry

1862: Peachy Gilmer Breckinridge to Julia (Anthony) Breckinridge

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A pre-war image of Peachy Gilmer Breckinridge

The following letter was written by Peachy Gilmer Breckinridge (1835-1864), the son of Cary Breckinridge (1795-1866) and Emma Walker Gilmer (1807-1893) of Botetourt county, Virginia. He attended VMI 1853-55, the College of William & Mary and the University of Virginia School of Law 1857-58. He journeyed to New Mexico with the Pacific Railroad Exploring Expedition in 1858-59. At his return, he practiced law in Fincastle. He was known by his mother’s maiden name, Gilmer. 

Gilmer was a candidate on 14 Feb 1861 to represent Botetourt County in the Virginia State Convention that passed the Ordinance of Secession 17 April 1861. His platform being the most thorough for the preservation of the Union, he proposed if there must be war, to fight IN, and not OUT, of the Union. He was defeated, but “when he recognized the duty he owed to Virginia, he recruited and equipped a company for the service”. Major Breckinridge raised and equipped a company of Infantry, and was made Captain of Co. K, 28th Virginia Infantry. In re-election of the company, he was ousted April 28, 1862. He then joined the State Line, recruited a company for it and was promoted to the rank of Major, March 13, 1 863. When the State Line was disbanded, he joined his brother’s company, the Second Virginia Cavalry April 21, 1863 and served as Color Sergeant from May 1863. He was appointed Acting Captain of Company B in May 1864. He was killed in action at Kennon’s Landing on the James River May 24, 1864. His body was never recovered. 

Gilmer was married in 1860 to Julia Anthony (1832-1917), pictured below.

Julia Matilda (Anthony) Breckinridge, wife of Peachy Gilmer Breckinridge

Transcription

Addressed to Mrs. Julia M. Breckinridge, Pattonsburg, Botecourt Co., Virginia

Camp Withers [near Centreville, Fairfax county, Va.]
February 23rd 1862

My Dearest Julia,

We came to camp today and I received your letter of the 17th. I had been here some time before I got it and thought that there was nothing for me and was coming into the house to write to you when John handed me the letter. In my last letter I said I would write as soon as I returned whether I had heard from you or not.

We had  tolerably good weather on picket although it rained or rather sprinkled nearly all last night. The shelter of pine tops kept off nearly all the rain and I read till after ten by  firelight. The regiment went on a scout but soon returned. I was left behind in  command of the pickets. The road was very muddy coming back. We found our Lt. Colonel here and the Colonel is expected tonight.

I have twenty men now re-enlisted for the war. I have not taken in any for two years as some captains have. I expect several  tomorrow. The re-enlistment does not extend to commissioned officers but all of us will go in for the war. We got no furlough or bounty by it so that there is no use of our  being mustered in as privates until our re-election [as officers] is defeated. We have nearly as many re-enlisted men as any company in the regiment although we have to serve til August while the others go out soon; and when you recollect that all of mine are in for the war, while  the others have taken in a good many for only two years.

When I wrote to you about  paying the Chahoon debts, I thought there would be some cash & that the bonds might be taken in part payment, deducting the interest. I have not heard from Mr. [ ] yet. I am sorry to hear of Mrs. Pendleton’s misfortune. You ought to write to cousin Cornelia. My legs are in danger of being broken at any time, and neck too if the Yankees catch me.

Mr. Horsley who used to live, and I expect still lives, on the Peak, is in our  regiment and told me that he was a nephew of Clifford Cable. He must be the man who told me off some time ago. He belongs to a Bedford company and is a Quartermaster Sergeant of the regiment.

Lieut. Kelly got back while we were on picket. He is looking  very well. Mr. Saunders is not among the re-enlisted as I expected he would be. It is bed time and I must stop till morning. I have had a tub of water brought in to take a good wash before going to bed. We have a fine tub made of half a barrel. This was a whisky barrel but a flour barrel makes a first rate tub. Try it if you need one.

Monday. I have been all the morning taking in re-enlisted men and making off accounts for bounty, &c. We now have 22 and expect a few more today. No company has a 28, I believe. It is too late to write more. Love to Uncle & the baby. Write soon. Your dearest one, — P. G. B.

4th Wisconsin Infantry, Battle of Fort Henry

1862: William H. Morrison to Thomas Millidge

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The following letter was written by William H. Morrison (b. 1836), a native of Prince Edward Island, residing in Oconto, Wisconsin, in May 1861 when he enlisted as a private in Co. H, 4th Wisconsin Infantry.

I could not find an image of William but here is one of George Hill who served in Co. I, 4th Wisconsin Infantry. (Photo Sleuth)

Originally the Fourth Wisconsin was organized as an infantry unit at Camp Utley, Racine, WI. On July 2nd, 1861 it was mustered into service. Service areas for 1861 included Baltimore, MD, and Relay House, MD. In 1862 the regiment went to Newport News, VA where it left to join the “Army of the Gulf” in New Orleans LA. Disease took a terrible toll on the members during the trip, with several dying enroute. Traveling up the Mississippi River, the regiment saw action at Vicksburg and Baton Rouge, LA. The last service of the Fourth as an infantry unit was a “sanguinary” siege at Port Hudson, LA from May 21 to July 8, 1863. The regiment was then converted to the 4th Wisconsin Cavalry.

In early September 1863, William was discharged from the regiment as a corporal to accept a commission as Captain of Co. B, 99th U. S. Colored Troops. He was absent from his regiment late in 1864 and early 1865 suffering from chronic diarrhea and was able to obtain a certificate of disability and was discharged on 22 February 1865.

William wrote the letter to his friend, Thomas Millidge (1827-1895), a dry goods merchant in Oconto, Wisconsin.

William’s letter makes a reference to the recent Battle of Fort Henry on the Tennessee river wherein Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote simultaneously attacked the Confederate fort and forced its surrender on 6 February 1862.

Transcription

Headquarters 4th Wisconsin Regt. Camp
Baltimore, Maryland
February 8, 1862

Dear friend Millidge,

Our day of judgement has come at last. Tonight about nine o’clock we received our marching orders to someplace to us unknown. There is no one knows as to where our place of destination is. All that I know about it is that we are going to leave here by water tomorrow morning precisely at nine o’clock so I am not able to write you but a few lines this time.

I suppose you have heard of the great victory gained lately and I learn that they are bound to keep the thing agoing and that is the way to do it. They have been fooling with those durn rebels long enough. But now they are doing the thing up brown. That is the way to put down this rebellion.

Thomas, I wish that I was able to write you a long letter but the want of time prevents me from doing it so I shall have to bring this to a close and allow me to sign myself your sincere friend and well wisher, — William H. Morrison

to Thomas Millidge

P. S. Remember me to all the inquiring friends and write as soon as you get this. I guess the letter will follow the regiment. Yours, — Bill

Siege of Yorktown

1862: Lemuel Mason Cox to his Mother

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An unidentified private from Manchester who might very well have served in the 2nd New Hampshire Infantry (Dave Morin Collection)

The following letter was written by Lemuel Mason Cox (1837-1914) who volunteered in Co. C, 2nd New Hampshire Infantry in May 1861 and served three years and three months before mustering out on 21 June 1864, shortly after the Battle of Cold Harbor. At the time of his enlistment, Lemuel had been boarding in Manchester, Hillsboro, New Hampshire, earning his living as a carpenter. He was described as standing 5 feet five inches tall with gray eyes and brown hair.

The 2nd New Hampshire had a long and storied career, participating in the first battle at Bull Run where they had seven men killed, until they occupied Richmond four years later. At Gettysburg, the 2nd New Hampshire entered battle with 353 soldiers. In under three hours, 47 were killed, 136 wounded and 36 men went missing; of the 24 officers, only three were not killed or wounded. Due to their high losses, the 2nd New Hampshire was assigned to guard duty at Point Lookout, Maryland, with the 5th and 12th New Hampshire Volunteer Regiments. The 2nd New Hampshire returned to battle in time for the Battle of Cold Harbor where it suffered heavy casualties of nineteen killed and 54 wounded.

Transcription

Camp Winfield Scott
Warwick Court House
April 28th 1862

Dear Mother,

I now take my pencil in hand to answer your last letter which I received day before yesterday. I should  have answered it yesterday had I been able. I was on guard night before last and was taken sick to my stomach but I stood it through till I was relieved and then went to bed. The doctor gave me two or three kinds of medicine in which I think done me a great deal of good for I am much better today. I will be all right in a day or two.

We have had much rainy weather for a week past but it has cleared off again  since I last wrote to you. We have been as near the rebels as any of the rest that have not fought. They have got their batteries in good shooting distance but if one comes up in sight to load, our sharpshooters  pick them off.

There was twelve regiments went out the other night and cleared the trees away in front of our big siege guns to let the rebs see what we had got for them in a few days. Sundays are no account in the army. Half of our company went out on picket yesterday and the rest went a building corduroy roads. I think I experience a soldier’s life now but I do it cheerfully. When I think that I volunteered my  services to my country, I am perfectly contented. I do not know what to think about the war. Sometimes I think it will end by next fall, and again I think it will last longer. If we had a Washington or a Napoleon at the head of our army, it would have ended the war before this time. I think McClellan is doing well now.

We have heard of the fight at Pittsburg Landing [Shiloh]. They lost their best General [A. S. Johnston]. I do not know who that Lieut. was that was shot. The boys are all well. Charley is the best friend I have got in the army. You say you send the Greenfield paper every week. I do not get it only once in two or three weeks. I believe I have no more to write at present. From your affectionate son, — Lem

April 28th. Afternoon. Most affectionate brother, I thought I would write a few lines to you. I am a great deal better this afternoon. It is clear and hot. I have not heard from you before for some time. The rest of the Heath boys are well. Richard come off picket yesterday. Charley, Spencer, and Frank went on. Your letters are not opened that you send to me. I do not know whether those that I send are opened or not.

It seems to me that you are having a great many cases of sickness and death. I should think Wm. Hunt had begun to preach quite young. Are you a going to stay with Jonas this summer or not? I hope you will get some  steady place. That knife I sent in Herman’s box was a small dirk knife with a German silver handle and a guard. The handle was scalloped.

I received the postage stamps that you and mother sent. Spencer is well. I should like some of Uncle Solomon’s sugar pretty well. You wanted to know what we had for grub. Well, we have our coffee and sugar dealt out to us so we have all the coffee we want and hard bread. I wish I could send you some. That is all we have had since we left Brightwood until yesterday. The boys  had some beans and today some rice and molasses. My mouth watered for them but I had not dare eat them. I must draw to a close in order to write a few lines to William. From your brother, — Lem

22nd Wisconsin Infantry, Desertion, Murfreesboro, Tennessee

1864: John R. Siperly to Peter Siperly

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I could not find an image of John but here is a cdv of William H. McIntosh who served in Co. F, 22nd Wisconsin Infantry (WHS)

The following letter was written by John R. Siperly who was enumerated in his parents household in Delavan, Walworth county, Wisconsin at the time of the 1860 US Census, as a 23 year-old carpenter. John’s parent’s, Peter and Elizabeth (“Betsy”) Siperly, had relocated to Wisconsin prior to 1850 from the area around Rhineback, Dutchess county, New York.

John enlisted in August 1862 to serve as a private in Co. D, 22nd Wisconsin Infantry—sometimes referred to as “the Abolition Regiment.” He served a total of 2 years and 10 months, mustering out in June 1865. Though John wrote his father that he thought there were many signs for a “speedy close of this war” and even of peace negotiations, the heaviest days of fighting for the 22nd Wisconsin lay ahead of them, not behind them.

In 1867, John married Mary C. Church (1848-1906), and resumed in carpentry career in Walmouth county.

[Note: This letter is from the personal collection of Greg Herr and was transcribed and published on Spared & Shared by express consent.]

Transcription

Addressed to Mr. Peter Siperly, Delavan, Wisconsin
Postmarked Murfreesboro, Tennessee

Fort Overall
February 4, 1864
10 o’clock at night

Mother & Father,

Well, I have been reading newspapers laying abed and killing mice tonight and the latter employment caused my mind to revert to the times I used to have at home sometimes at killing mice when the idea suggested itself to me that I had better scribble a few words for the remaining inmates of that home. Well, now it is darned late so you see I can’t say much—only to say that I am still well in the very best degree. We still have very pleasant weather though for the few last days it has been somewhat cooler and tonight looks like rain.

Important and encouraging [news] is being heard from different departments of the army—of desertions on a large scale in the rebel army; of mutinies, the most important one at Mobile; and grand victories of our forces, all of which betokens a speedy close of the war. It is a fact beyond a doubt that the majority of the men in the rebel army are fast seeing their mistake and would gladly give up if they could as many of them are doing.

A rumor is afloat now that the matter is being discussed at Richmond to the effect that if the president would extend his amnesty proclamation to the officers and leaders alike, they would lay down their arms and return to the Union. I can’t say how true this is but I don’t believe it. Neither do I care much, for rather than to see the hellish leaders of this rebellion receive one iota of pardon, or to have them escape a particle of the punishment they so justly merit, rather than that I would see this war continue five years yet. I feel perfectly willing to see all pardoned that comes within the scope of the President’s Proclamation and no further.

Tis thought some that a war with France is eminent—a thing that is not to be devoutly wished for. But if it must be, let it come. I don’t know that we will ever be better prepared than now.

Yesterday our regiment received orders to go to Nashville but has been countermanded again. Perhaps though we may go yet. I think, however, that we will soon be on the move. Tis hard telling where we will turn up next.

I hear that the weather is not as cold now in the North. I hope that is so. I sent a picture about two weeks ago. Did you get it? I hope there will be no further trouble about that money. Let me know when you get it. Good night. — John R. Siperly